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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimum principles in the linear dynamic theory of viscoelasticity (1988)
    Springer
    Acta mechanica solida Sinica 1 (1988), S. 223-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-9166
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper establishes three minimum principles and transformed minimum principles concerning Laplace transformation in the linear dynamic theory of viscoelasticity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02208144
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geochemistry of metals in sediments from the mainstem of the Yellow River, China (1996)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 40 (1996), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Sediment samples at 10 locations in the mainstem of the Yellow River were taken in 1994. Five forms (exchangeable, carbonate, organic, Fe/Mn oxide and residual) of metals were extracted by the Tessier method. The total contents and contents of the five forms of 16 metal elements (Li, Na, K, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Al) were determined by ICP-AES. In sediments of the Yellow River, except for Na, mobile elements (such as K, Ca) do not show a negative correlation with the immobile elements. Alkaline metals (Li, Na, and K), Ti, and Al exist mainly in the residual form. The exchangeable forms of alkaline-earth elements (Ca, Sr, and Ba) are the highest, and their residual forms go up with the increase of the period in the periodic table of elements. Half of Mn exists in the residual form, and its non-residual forms exist mainly in carbonate and oxide forms. Except Mn, the iron group elements (Fe, Co, Ni, V, Cr) mainly exist in the residual and oxide forms. High carbonate content of Ca does not cause high contents of other elements in carbonate form, showing that chemical weathering is not strong in the area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222543
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study on the physico-chemical speciation of heavy metals in waters of rivers, and lakes in the Changjiang River Valley, China (1996)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 40 (1996), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract In the aquatic system, heavy metals always exist in a number of physico-chemical forms: particulate (Cp), soluble which consists of labile (MALI) and bound (inorganic MAb and organic MLb). The environmental behaviors of a metal are critically dependent on these forms. In this paper, the forms of heavy metals in waters from the Changjiang River source to mainstream and lakes were determined by ASV method. The main results are as follows: 1. The total contents (Ct) of Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd in the source were 4.0, 1.88, 1.28 and 0.07 (μg/L) respectively, while Ct (μg/L) in the mainstem were in the order of Zn (20.1) 〉 Cu (14.9) 〉 Pb (6.73) 〉 Cd (0.15). Ct (μg/L) in Dianchi Lake were Zn (7.2) 〉 Pb (0.72) 〉 Cu (0.53) 〉 Cd (0.05), and in Poyang Lake were Zn (12.5) 〉 Pb (4.2) 〉 Cu (3.4) 〉 Cd (0.05), and in Poyang Lake were Zn (12.5) 〉 Pb (4.2) 〉 Cu (3.4) 〉 Cd (0.05). However, most of them were presented as Cp. Their dissolved contents (Cs, μ/L) were lower. 2. The distribution of soluble forms was related to the type of metal and to environmental variables. In general, Zn and Cd have a tendency to be present in MALi, Pb in MAb and Cu in MLb.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222544
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy metals pollution on the sediments in lakes Dianchi, Erhai and Poyanghu and historical records (1996)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 40 (1996), S. 201-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract In this paper210 Pb and 137Cs dating methods were used to determine sedimentation rates of lakes Dianchi, Erhai and Poyanghu, and to establish the time scale of the sediments. Also based on geochemical records in the sediment column, the historical variation in heavy metal content over the past one hundred years was determined. Some element concentration increased rapidly after the 1970s, such as Cu, Zn and Mn in the sediments of northern Lake Dianchi, Cd and Mn in southern Lake Erhai and in the west central parts of Lake Poyanghu, Our investigations indicate that the increase in element concentration is caused by human activities. In order to understand the extent of the effect caused by human activities, we have calculated the flux of Zn, Cd and Mn. Results show that the flux caused by human activities is seven times greater than the natural one and the ratio is about 2 times in Lake Erhai and Lake Poyanghu.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222546
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A robust-symmetric mean: A new way of mean calculation for environmental data (1996)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 40 (1996), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract Environmental data seldom follow normal distributions, so how to calculate their means is a very important problem. Commonly used methods for mean calculation, such as arithmetic mean, geometric mean, and median, were evaluated. Arithmetic means should only be used when datasets follow normal distributions. Geometric means are suitable for datasets which follow log-normal distributions. Medians are a kind of robust treatment. However, their ‘efficiency’ is very low. Based on the methods described, two new ideas are developed: ‘robust’ and ‘symmetric’, for calculating means. As far as the symmetric feature is concerned, Box-Cox power transformation is better than logarithmic transformation. Robust statistics and Box-Cox transformation are combined to produce the ‘robust-symmetric mean’. As environmental data often follow log-normal or skewed distributions, this method is better than the previous ones and also is appropriate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222547
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient budgets and biogeochemistry in an experimental agricultural watershed in Southeastern China (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 45 (1999), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Chaohu Lake ; chemical fertilizer ; cycling ; denitrification ; multipond system ; nitrogen ; nutrient budget ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract During a two-year field study, an annual nutrient budget and cycles were developed for a small agricultural watershed. The study emphasized the integrated unit of the watershed in understanding the biogeochemistry. It was found that the total nutrient input was 39.1 × 104 kg nitrogen and 3.91 × 104 kg phosphorus in the year 1995, of which the greatest input of nutrients to the watershed was chemical fertilizer application, reaching 34.7 × 104 kg (676 kg/ha) nitrogen and 3.88 × 104 kg (76 kg/ha) phosphorus. The total nutrient output from the watershed was 13.55 × 104 kg nitrogen and 0.40 × 104 kg phosphorus, while the largest output of nitrogen was denitrification, accounting for 44.1% of N output; the largest output of phosphorus was sale of crops, accounting for 99.4% of P output. The results show that the nutrient input is larger than output, demonstrating that there is nutrient surplus within the watershed, a surplus which may become a potential source of nonpoint pollution to area waters. The research showed that both denitrification and volatilization of nitrogen are key ways of nitrogen loss from the watershed. This suggests that careful management of fertilizer application will be important for the sustainable development of agriculture. The research demonstrated that a multipond system within the watershed had high retention rate for both water and nutrients, benefiting the water, nutrient and sediment recycling in the terrestrial ecosystem and helping to reduce agricultural nonpoint pollution at its source. Therefore, this unique watershed system should be recommended due to its great potential relevance for sustainable agricultural development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006073408623
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient budgets and biogeochemistry in an experimental agricultural watershed in Southeastern China (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 45 (1999), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Chaohu Lake ; chemical fertilizer ; cycling ; denitrification ; multipond system ; nitrogen ; nutrient budget ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract During a two-year field study, an annual nutrient budget and cycles were developed for a small agricultural watershed. The study emphasized the integrated unit of the watershed in understanding the biogeochemistry. It was found that the total nutrient input was 39.1× 104 kg nitrogen and 3.91×104 kg phosphorus in the year 1995, of which the greatest input of nutrients to the watershed was chemical fertilizer application, reaching 34.7×104 kg (676 kg/ha) nitrogen and 3.88×104 kg (76 kg/ha) phosphorus. The total nutrient output from the watershed was 13.55×104 kg nitrogen and 0.40×104 kg phosphorus, while the largest output of nitrogen was denitrification, accounting for 44.1% of N output; the largest output of phosphorus was sale of crops, accounting for 99.4% of P output. The results show that the nutrient input is larger than output, demonstrating that there is nutrient surplus within the watershed, a surplus which may become a potential source of nonpoint pollution to area waters. The research showed that both denitrification and volatilization of nitrogen are key ways of nitrogen loss from the watershed. This suggests that careful management of fertilizer application will be important for the sustainable development of agriculture. The research demonstrated that a multipond system within the watershed had high retention rate for both water and nutrients, benefiting the water, nutrient and sediment recycling in the terrestrial ecosystem and helping to reduce agricultural nonpoint pollution at its source. Therefore, this unique watershed system should be recommended due to its great potential relevance for sustainable agricultural development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00992870
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  • 8
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    The human gene damage index as a gene-level approach to prioritizing exome variants (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-19
    Description: The protein-coding exome of a patient with a monogenic disease contains about 20,000 variants, only one or two of which are disease causing. We found that 58% of rare variants in the protein-coding exome of the general population are located in only 2% of the genes. Prompted by this observation, we aimed to develop a gene-level approach for predicting whether a given human protein-coding gene is likely to harbor disease-causing mutations. To this end, we derived the gene damage index (GDI): a genome-wide, gene-level metric of the mutational damage that has accumulated in the general population. We found that the GDI was correlated with selective evolutionary pressure, protein complexity, coding sequence length, and the number of paralogs. We compared GDI with the leading gene-level approaches, genic intolerance, and de novo excess, and demonstrated that GDI performed best for the detection of false positives (i.e., removing exome variants in genes irrelevant to disease), whereas genic intolerance and de novo excess performed better for the detection of true positives (i.e., assessing de novo mutations in genes likely to be disease causing). The GDI server, data, and software are freely available to noncommercial users from lab.rockefeller.edu/casanova/GDI.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    Human iPSC-derived trigeminal neurons lack constitutive TLR3-dependent immunity that protects cortical neurons from HSV-1 infection (2018)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-28
    Description: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) is the most common sporadic viral encephalitis in Western countries. Some HSE children carry inborn errors of the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-dependent IFN-α/β– and -λ–inducing pathway. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cortical neurons with TLR3 pathway mutations are highly susceptible to HSV-1, due to impairment of cell-intrinsic TLR3-IFN immunity. In contrast, the contribution of cell-intrinsic immunity of human trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons remains unclear. Here, we describe efficient in vitro derivation and purification of TG neurons from human iPSCs via a cranial placode intermediate. The resulting TG neurons are of sensory identity and exhibit robust responses to heat (capsaicin), cold (icilin), and inflammatory pain (ATP). Unlike control cortical neurons, both control and TLR3-deficient TG neurons were highly susceptible to HSV-1. However, pretreatment of control TG neurons with poly(I:C) induced the cells into an anti–HSV-1 state. Moreover, both control and TLR3-deficient TG neurons developed resistance to HSV-1 following pretreatment with IFN-β but not IFN-λ. These data indicate that TG neurons are vulnerable to HSV-1 because they require preemptive stimulation of the TLR3 or IFN-α/β receptors to induce antiviral immunity, whereas cortical neurons possess a TLR3-dependent constitutive resistance that is sufficient to block incoming HSV-1 in the absence of prior antiviral signals. The lack of constitutive resistance in TG neurons in vitro is consistent with their exploitation as a latent virus reservoir in vivo. Our results incriminate deficiencies in the constitutive TLR3-dependent response of cortical neurons in the pathogenesis of HSE.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Validity boundary of orbital-free molecular dynamics method corresponding to thermal ionization of shell structure (2016)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-09
    Print ISSN: 2469-9950
    Electronic ISSN: 2469-9969
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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