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  • 1
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: A petrogenetic grid in the model system CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O is presented, illustrating the phase relationships among the minerals grunerite, hornblende, garnet, clinopyroxene, chlorite, olivine, anorthite, zoisite and aluminosilicates, with quartz and H2O in excess. The grid was calculated with the computer software thermocalc, using an upgraded version of the internally consistent thermodynamic dataset HP98 and non-ideal mixing activity models for all solid solutions. From this grid, quantitative phase diagrams (P–T pseudosections) are derived and employed to infer a P–T path for grunerite–garnet-bearing amphibolites from the Endora Klippe, part of the Venetia Klippen Complex within the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt. Agreement between calculated and observed mineral assemblages and garnet zonation indicates that this part of the Central Zone underwent a prograde temperature and pressure increase from c. 540 °C/4.5 kbar to 650 °C/6.5 kbar, followed by a post-peak metamorphic pressure decrease. The inferred P–T path supports a geotectonic model suggesting that the area surrounding the Venetia kimberlite pipes represents the amphibolite-facies roof zone of migmatitic gneisses and granulites that occur widely within the Central Zone. In addition, the P–T path conforms to an interpretation that the Proterozoic evolution of the Central Zone was controlled by horizontal tectonics, causing stacking and differential heating at c. 2.0 Ga.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 19 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Generally, P–T pseudosections for reduced compositional systems, such as K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O, Na2O–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O and MnO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O, are well suited for inferring detailed P–T paths, comparing mineral assemblages observed in natural rocks with those calculated. Examples are provided by P–T paths inferred for four metapelitic samples from a 1 m2 wide outcrop of the Herbert Mountains in the Shackleton Range, Antarctica. The method works well if the bulk composition used is reconstituted from average mineral modes and mineral compositions (AMC) or when X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data are corrected for Al2O3 and FeO. A plagioclase correction is suitable for Al2O3. Correction for FeO is dependent on additional microscopic observations, e.g. the kind and amount of opaque minerals. In some cases, all iron can be treated as FeOtot, whereas in others a magnetite or hematite correction yields much better results. Comparison between calculated and observed mineral modes and mineral compositions shows that the AMC bulk composition is best suited to the interpretation of rock textures using P–T pseudosections, whereas corrected XRF data yield good results only when the investigated sample has few opaque minerals. The results indicate that metapelitic rocks from the Herbert Mountains of the Northern Shackleton Range underwent a prograde P–T evolution from about 600 °C/5.5 kbar to 660 °C/7 kbar, followed by nearly adiabatic cooling to about 600 °C at 4.5 kbar.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Interpretations based on quantitative phase diagrams in the system CaO–Na2O–K2O–TiO2–MnO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O indicate that mineral assemblages, zonations and microstructures observed in migmatitic rocks from the Beit Bridge Complex (Messina area, Limpopo Belt) formed along a clockwise P–T path. That path displays a prograde P–T increase from 600 °C/7.0 kbar to 780 °C/9–10 kbar (pressure peak) and 820 °C/8 kbar (thermal peak), followed by a P–T decrease to 600 °C/4 kbar. The data used to construct the P–T path were derived from three samples of migmatitic gneiss from a restricted area, each of which has a distinct bulk composition: (1) a K, Al-rich garnet–biotite–cordierite–sillimanite–K-feldspar–plagioclase–quartz–graphite gneiss (2) a K-poor, Al-rich garnet–biotite–staurolite–cordierite–kyanite–sillimanite–plagioclase–quartz–rutile gneiss, and (3) a K, Al-poor, Fe-rich garnet–orthopyroxene–biotite–chlorite–plagioclase–quartz–rutile–ilmenite gneiss. Preservation of continuous prograde garnet growth zonation demonstrates that the pro- and retrograde P–T evolution of the gneisses must have been rapid, occurring during a single orogenic cycle. These petrological findings in combination with existing geochronological and structural data show that granulite facies metamorphism of the Beit Bridge metasedimentary rocks resulted from an orogenic event during the Palaeoproterozoic (c. 2.0 Ga), caused by oblique collision between the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons. Abbreviations follow Kretz (1983).
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Central European Variscides ; Mid-German Crystalline Rise ; Ruhla Crystalline Complex ; Geochronology ; 40Ar/39Ar dating ; 207Pb/206Pb dating ; P ; T ; t paths ; Extension ; exhumation ; basin formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: 40 Ar/39Ar–mica and 207Pb/206Pb–zircon dates are presented and combined with existing P–T data and the sedimentary record. These data indicate that the RCC was faulted into three segments which underwent different exhumation histories during the Late Carboniferous/Early Permian. The eastern segment shows 40Ar/39Ar–biotite data of336 ±4 and 323±3 Ma. Furthermore, it is intruded by the Thuringian Hauptgranite dated at 337±4 Ma by the 207Pb/206Pb single zircon method. At approximately 300 Ma rocks of the eastern segment were finally exposed and, subsequently, subsided as part of the Oberhof pull-apart basin, filled by Late Carboniferous/Early Permian molasse sediments and volcanic rocks (296–285 Ma; Goll 1996). A similar Late Carboniferous evolution is inferred for the western segment, since it is also overlain by Upper Carboniferous volcanic rocks. In contrast to the eastern and western segments, distinctly younger intrusion and cooling ages were recorded for the central segment of the RCC (40Ar/39Ar muscovite: 311±3 Ma; 40Ar/39Ar biotite: 293–288±3 Ma) that was intruded by the Trusetal Granite, the Ruhla Granite and Brotterode Diorite (207Pb/206Pb single zircon: 298±2, 295±3, 289±4 Ma, respectively). These young data are unique in the MGCR and testify that plutonic activity and cooling of basement rocks took place simultaneously with basin formation and volcanism in the eastern and western segments. Overlying Upper Permian (Zechstein) and Triassic sediments indicate final exposure of the central segment by approximately 260 Ma, as a part of the Ruhla-Schleusingen Horst. Combination of these results with P–T data from the contact aureole of the Trusetal granite indicate that the central segment was unroofed by at least 8.5 km during the Late Carboniferous. The Late Carboniferous/Early Permian horst-basin formation, documented in the RCC, is due to dextral transtensional movements along the NW-trending Franconian fault system. It may have been enhanced by mantle upwelling widespread in Central Europe during the Early Permian that also caused intensive magmatism in the Thuringian Forest region.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Geologische Rundschau 86 (1997), S. S222 
    ISSN: 0016-7835
    Keywords: Key words KTB ; P ; T ; t evolution ; Diffusion ; Net-transfer reactions ; Garnet ; Biotite ; Hornblende
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Detailed microprobe investigations were carried out on mineral phases of a mafic garnet–biotite–hornblende and garnet–biotite gneiss from the KTB main hole. The results indicate that the complex zonation patterns of garnet porphyroblasts are mainly due to post-growth diffusional exchange, as constrained by theoretical modelling. Moreover, the chemical composition of biotite and hornblende enclosed in garnet were also changed by later diffusion and retrograde net-transfer reactions. Therefore, the garnet zonation in combination with mineral inclusions cannot be used to reconstruct the prograde metamorphic evolution or to estimate the maximum temperatures attained. However, by applying the GRISP geobarometer, minimum pressures of 8.5 kbar (at 700 °C) can be derived for the metamorphic peak, well conforming to previous estimates on the amphibolite-facies metamorphic stage of the KTB metamorphics. Mineral assemblages formed during the retrograde evolution allow to estimate P–T–X conditions of approximately 3 kbar, 450 °C and X(H2O)=0.9.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-06-16
    Description: : Combined U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope analyses of zircons from 16 tonalite–trondjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneiss and granite samples from Swaziland reveal that the oldest rocks of the Ancient Gneiss Complex in southern Africa formed by reworking of Early Archaean or perhaps Late Hadean crust at 3.66 Ga, and that new crust was extracted from a depleted mantle source during Palaeoarchaean events between 3.54 and 3.32 Ga. This interpretation is supported by Hf t of –1.6 ± 2.0 obtained from 3.66 Ga TTG gneisses, corresponding to hafnium model ages between 3.77 ± 0.18 Ga, for a presumed Hadean–Early Archaean chondritic mantle, and 4.08 ± 0.18 Ga, for a presumed Hadean depleted mantle reservoir, with the first model age being the most likely in the light of recent data from worldwide sources. Furthermore, it is reflected by superchondritic Hf t up to +2.2 ± 2.0 for TTGs formed at 3.54, 3.45 and 3.32 Ga. The new datasets additionally show that the Palaeoarchaean crust formed between 3.54 and 3.32 Ga was intensely reworked afterwards, without significant addition of depleted mantle derived material, during orogenic and intracratonic melting processes at 3.23, 3.1 and 2.7 Ga. This is well reflected by an array of decreasing Hf t from +2.2 to –7.2 between 3.3 and 2.7 Ga, which can be forced by 176 Lu/ 177 Hf of 0.0113, which is similar to that of present-day average continental crust, and might result from lower crust zircon fractionation during Archaean crust reworking. Supplementary material: Results of in situ U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope zircon analyses and concordia diagrams are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18465 .
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈span〉The mineral alabandite, cubic MnS with variable amounts of FeS, occurs in a number of mineral assemblages in manganiferous metasedimentary rocks, some of which are mined as manganese ore. One of them is Morro da Mina, Mina Gerais, Brazil, where alabandite is a minor component of “queluzite”, a manganese-silicate–carbonate rock. The Morro da Mina alabandite contains 7.3 ± 1.4 mol% FeS and makes up aggregates with graphite and molybdenite. A comparison of alabandite occurrences worldwide indicates four main types of mineral assemblages: (1) alabandite + graphite; (2) alabandite + graphite + molybdenite; (3) alabandite + rhodochrosite + molybdenite; (4) and alabandite + rhodochrosite. The different assemblages suggest that manganese sulfide formed in a range of marine palaeoenvironments, from highly reducing and sulfidic – 〈span〉i.e.〈/span〉, euxinic – settings to manganese-oxide-precipitating conditions. Morro da Mina represents assemblage (2), which is characteristic of a euxinic water column in a stratified ocean. In general, our comparison of alabandite-bearing mineral assemblages indicates that palaeoenvironmental information can be retrieved from sedimentary rocks that experienced variable degrees of metamorphic overprint.〈/span〉
    Print ISSN: 0935-1221
    Electronic ISSN: 1617-4011
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Schweizerbart
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2014-11-26
    Description: Bonanza-style mineralization of palladiferous gold in specular hematite-rich lodes engendered the most important gold rush in Brazilian history, which took place at the end of the seventeenth century in the province that became known as Minas Gerais. The timing of this itabirite-hosted vein mineralization, locally referred to as jacutinga, is controversial; different views have ascribed jacutinga to one of the two orogenic events recorded in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero of Minas Gerais, the ~2.0 Ga Transamazonian event and the ~0.6 Ga Brasiliano event. This controversy is due mainly to the absence of reliable age data for hydrothermal minerals. Here we report the first U-Pb age for a jacutinga lode, obtained by laser ablation-sector field-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-SF-ICP-MS) on monazite grains recovered from the Conceição Fe-ore deposit within the Itabira district. The monazite analyses yield a precise Late Cambrian age of 495.6 ± 2.2 Ma, which is well within the time period between ca. 524 and 444 Ma, suggested by recently published geochronologic data on regionally distributed similar hydrothermal systems. The age of 496 Ma for the jacutinga monazite corroborates an orogen-scale hydrothermal overprint at later stages of the Brasiliano event. This hydrothermal overprint also affected surrounding Neoarchean rocks of the Minas Supergroup, as well as younger rocks of the southern Serra do Espinhaço, along the platiniferous Au-Pd belt of Minas Gerais.
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2013-01-05
    Description: Combined U–Pb and Hf isotope analyses of detrital zircons from the Fig Tree and Moodies Groups of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, yield similar Hf isotope compositions and age populations, thus pointing to a similar provenance. Zircon populations of Fig Tree Group greywacke and Moodies Group quartzarenite are both dominated by age clusters at 3.53, 3.47, and 3.28 Ga, and a minor cluster at 3.36 Ga. The Moodies quartzarenite sample additionally contains a younger age population at 3.23–3.19 Ga. Hafnium isotope data indicate that the source area of both sediments was affected by new crust formation from depleted mantle sources at 3.53, 3.47, and perhaps at 3.36 Ga (Hf t between –1.7 and +4.5), accompanied by partial reworking of an Eoarchaean crustal component as old as 3.75–3.95 Ga. In contrast, crustal reworking was the predominant process between 3.28 and 3.22 Ga (Hf t between –6.0 and +0.9), probably related to subduction and collision of terranes along the Inyoka Fault system. The zircon U–Pb and Hf isotope datasets favour a southern provenance for the Fig Tree and Moodies sediments, comprising granitoids in the vicinity of the southern Barberton Greenstone Belt and in Swaziland. This finding is in contrast to the sedimentary record of the Moodies Group, which mostly suggests a northern and along-strike provenance. This discrepancy may be due to reworking of sediments during extensive syn- and postorogenic strike-slip faulting and high uplift or subsidence between 3.26 and 3.19 Ga. Supplementary material Results of in situ U–Pb and Lu–Hf isotope zircon analyses are available at www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18561 .
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
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