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  • 1
    Call number: ZSP-403-112
    In: Jare Data Reports
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 95 S. : zahlr. graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Jare Data Reports 112 : Ionosphere 33
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Call number: ZSP-403-168
    In: Jare Data Reports
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 184 S. : überw. graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Jare Data Reports 168 : Ionosphere 44
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 3
    Call number: ZSP-403-167
    In: Jare Data Reports
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 42 S. : überw. graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Jare Data Reports 167 : Ionosphere 43
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 4
    Call number: ZSP-403-113
    In: Jare Data Reports
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 33 S. : zahlr. graph. Darst.
    Series Statement: Jare Data Reports 113 : Ionosphere 34
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 74 (1993), S. 4354-4356 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have developed a new precise imaging technique for atomic force microscopy (AFM) and observed complicated surface structures of integrated circuit (IC) devices by this technique. This technique consists of a hopping mode operation and use of a zinc oxide whisker as a probing tip with high aspect ratio. In this operation, topographic data of the surface structures are obtained under a constant repulsive force at each measuring point, and after each measurement the probing tip is withdrawn from the surface and moved to the next measuring point. The contact holes with a diameter of ∼1 μm and a depth of 1.5 μm fabricated on IC devices have been successfully imaged in this AFM imaging technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 68 (1997), S. 4132-4136 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: We present the development of an atomic force microscope (AFM) with an externally controllable force using an electromagnet. The position of the AFM cantilever with magnetic material at the end of the backside is controlled directly by the external magnetic field of an electromagnet. It is possible to use an optical detection system because the electromagnet is located inside the piezo tube on which the sample is mounted. A magnetic force feedback system has been implemented in this AFM. The effective stiffness of the cantilever is increased by the open loop gain of the feedback. We are able to control the motion of a soft cantilever (0.16 N/m) with this feedback system in air. Force feedback using an electromagnet allows the elimination of "snap-in" contact which may physically damage the tip and mica sample. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ecological research 10 (1995), S. 31-39 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: forest dynamics ; gap regeneration ; life history trait ; natural disturbance ; subalpine coniferous forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gap characteristics and gap regeneration were studied in three old-growth stands of subalpine coniferous forests in the northern Yatsugatake and the northern Akaishi mountains, central Japan. With the results of the present study and those of a previous study conducted in another locality, general features of gap characteristics and gap regeneration behavior of major tree species in subalpine coniferous forests of central Japan were summarized and discussed. Of the total 237 gaps investigated in the 14.48 ha of forested area, the percentage gap area to surveyed area, gap density and mean gap size were 7.3%, 17.2 ha−1, and 43.3 m2, respectively. The gap size distributions were similar among stands and showed a strong positive skewness with a few large and many small gaps; gaps 〈40m2 were most frequent and those 〉200 m2 were rare. Gaps due to the death of multiple canopy trees comprised 44.7% of the total ones. Canopy trees died in various states; standing dead (42.6%) or trunk broken (43.7%) were common and uprooted (12.2%) was an uncommon type of death of canopy trees. These figures indicate that general features of gap characteristics in this forest type are the low proportion of gap area and the high proportions of small gap size and multiple-tree gap formation. In general, shade-tolerantAbies frequently, andTsuga, infrequently, regenerate in gaps from advance regenerations recruited before gap formation, whilePicea and shade-intolerantBetula possibly regenerate in gaps from new individuals recruited after gap formation. Gap successors of conifers occurred in a wide range of gap size and did not show the clear preference to species specific gap size. In old-growth stands without large-scale disturbance (≥0.1 ha in area) of subalpine coniferous forests of central Japan, major tree species may coexist with their different gap-regeneration behaviors and, probably, different life history traits.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: Castanopsis ; Distylium ; gap regeneration ; niche shift ; PCA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gap regeneration was studied in a typical primary evergreen broad-leaved forest withoutDistylium racemosum, at the Kasugayama Forest Reserve, southwestern Japan and the results were compared with those from other primary evergreen broad-leaved forests in southwestern Japan, whereD. racemosum was the dominant species. Several common types of gap regeneration behavior were recognized among the major tree species and forests with or withoutD. racemosum consisted of three typical regeneration guilds which could be detected in the principal component analysis.Castanopsis cuspidata frequently regenerated in gaps from saplings recruited before gap formation in the forest withoutD. racemosum, although elsewhere, in forests withD. racemosum, it lacked advanced regeneration and regenerated in gaps from saplings recruited after gap formation. Some evergreenQuercus had their regenerations in gaps of the forest withoutD. racemosum, although elsewhere, in forests withD. racemosum, evergreenQuercus might not regenerate. The results indicate that tree species may change their regeneration behavior depending on the presence or absence of another key dominant species. This suggests that the presence and the dominance of a potential competitor induces shifts in the regeneration niche of other coexisting tree species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ecological research 8 (1993), S. 277-285 
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: forest dynamics ; gap regeneration ; Mount Ontake ; natural disturbance ; subalpine coniferous forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gap characteristics and gap regeneration were studied in three mature stands belonging to different community types in a subalpine coniferous forest on Mt Ontake, central Honshu, Japan. Gap disturbance regimes were remarkably similar among stands studied; percentage gap area to surveyed area, gap density and mean gap size were 7.3–8.5%, 17.8–20.0 ha−1 and 40.8–42.5 m2, respectively. The gap size class distributions were also similar and showed a strong positive skewness with a few large and many small gaps; gaps 〈40m2 were most frequent and gaps 〉200m2 were rare. Forty-five to 66% of gaps were due to the death of single canopy trees. Canopy trees more often died leaving standing dead wood (40–5.7%) or broken trunks (43–49%). Shade tolerantAbies mariesii andAbies veitchii, frequently, andTsuga diversifolia, less frequently, regenerated in gaps, from advance regenerations recruited before gap formation.Picea jezoensis var.hondoensis may regenerate in gaps, from new individuals recruited after gap formation. The breakage of denseSasa coverage and the mineral soils exposed by the uprooted plants that form gaps might provide regeneration opportunities for shade intolerantBetula. Of the important species limited to the ridge site,Chamaecyparis obtusa, frequently, andThuja standishii, infrequently, regenerated from plants alreadyin situ. Regeneration ofPinus parviflora was not seen. Based on the gap characteristics and gap regeneration behaviour of each species described, stand dynamics in each stand are discussed.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1610-7403
    Keywords: gap ; natural disturbance ; rocky site ; soil development ; vegetative reproduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Stand structure and the regeneration ofChamaecyparis pisifera on sites with and without well-developed soil in an old-growth coniferous forest, Akasawa Forest Reserve, central Japan, were investigated, along with their relationships to other important coniferous species. Of stems ofC. pisifera≥5 cm diameter at breast height, stems with intermediate size were absent in stands on the developed-soil site, while those with smaller size increased in stands on the undeveloped-soil site, which supported a higher density ofC. pisifera. In the stands without recent tree-fall of canopy stems on the developed-soil site, canopy stems ofC. pisifera were distributed uniformly and the understory stems, patchily. On the other hand, both canopy and understory stems ofC. pisifera in stands on the undeveloped-soil site were distributed patchily. In the understory,C. pisifera occurred as clonal patches formed by vegetative reproduction on various types of microsites including bare rocks. However, the clonal patches did not occur in a stand on the developed-soil site with dense saplings of an evergreen conifer,Thujopsis dolabrata, which can expand vegetatively with a well developed soil layer. Gap formation may induceC. pisifera to develop tree-form stems from shrubby clonal patches. On developed-soil sites,C. pisifera stands that survive a long disturbance-free period on this site need catastrophic disturbance for their regeneration, which will eliminateT. dolabrata in the understory and create bare soil for colonization ofC. pisifera from seeds. On undeveloped-soil sites,C. pisifera replaces itself continuously by effective vegetative reproduction. Ground instability and the wet condition of this site may promote the replacement.
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