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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation of perpendicular anisotropy in granular magnetic solids : The 40th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 5309-5311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Granular Co-Ag materials with low Co contents exhibit giant magnetoresistance and single-domain magnetic properties. In this paper, we discuss unusual hysteresis behavior that we have observed in Co-rich samples, where the magnetization is approximately linear with the applied field up to saturation, and the coercivity and remnant magnetization are both nearly zero. We attribute this unusual behavior to a perpendicular anisotropy that depends on the nanostructure in the phase-segregated materials. These results are corroborated by magnetic domain imaging using scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.361361
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radio frequency reactive sputtered iron nitrides using ammonia gas: Structure and magnetic properties (1994)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 64 (1994), S. 384-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Iron nitrides of γ'-Fe4N, ε-Fe2-3N, and ζ-Fe2N have been fabricated using rf sputtering with reactive NH3 gas, which offers significant advantages over the conventional N2 gas. All but ζ-Fe2N nitride films have relative high saturation moments with a large in-plane anisotropy. The Mössbauer results are consistent with structural analyses and those from bulk samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.111155
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structural and magnetic properties of rf-sputtered iron nitrides using NH3 (abstract) : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 5800-5800 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin films of iron nitrides have attracted much attention due to their superior magnetic properties. Conventional rf reactive sputtering using N2 gas encounters a number of difficulties, including mixed phases, which are alleviated by the use of NH3 gas. By controlling the partial pressure of NH3, we have been able to fabricate all stable Fe nitrides of ζ-Fe2N, ε-Fe2–3N, and γ'-Fe4N in single-phase films. The structure has been determined using an x-ray diffractometer. The magnetic properties have been investigated using VSM, SQUID magnetometers, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. All nitrides except Fe2N have high saturation moments with a large in-plane anisotropy. The saturation moment decreases with increasing nitrogen concentration. The Mössbauer results, in excellent agreement with those from bulk samples, are consistent with structural results and magnetization measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.355568
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Giant negative magnetoresistance in granular ferromagnetic systems (invited) : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 5309-5314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Giant negative magnetoresistance (GMR) has been observed in a number of granular ferromagnetic systems [Co–Ag, Co–Cu, Fe–Cu, Fe–Ag, and (Fe–Ni)–Ag] with effect sizes as much as 85% at 5 K and 25% at 300 K. It is shown that the GMR is isotropic and is due to magnetic scattering of the conduction electrons by the nonaligned magnetic entities. The essential contribution to the resistivity is ρm[1−F(M/Ms)], where F(M/Ms) measures the spin disorder from ferromagnetic alignment and ρm is the magnetic resistivity that defines the size of the GMR. The magnitude of GMR is affected by the size and density of the magnetic entities which can be controlled by varying the composition and the process conditions. When the composition is varied, the maximum GMR is realized in systems with magnetic constituents of about 25%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353765
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Ar-ion implantation and annealing on structural and magnetic properties of Co/Pd multilayers : The 6th joint magnetism and magnetic materials (MMM)-intermag conference (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 6081-6083 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The contrasting effects of ion implantation and thermal annealing on structural and magnetic properties of Co/Pd multilayers have been studied. Ion implantation causes local damage to the multilayers, resulting in enhanced magnetization due to the polarization of the neighboring Pd. Thermal annealing generates massive interdiffusion across the interfaces into the formation of Co-Pd alloys with a lower magnetization. Effects on coercivity and remanence have also been studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358371
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magneto-impedance effect in soft magnetic tubes (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 4807-4809 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Soft magnetic crystalline alloys have been fabricated in a tube form by electrodepositing magnetic FeNi and FeNi–Al2O3 onto W fibers with a diameter of 25 μm. Fine Al2O3 particles have also been incorporated into the magnetic matrix to improve mechanical properties. As-prepared materials are not magnetically soft. With heat treatment, the magnetic properties of these composites are similar to commercial bulk soft FeNi alloys. A giant magnetoimpedance value as large as 190% has been found in as-prepared FeNi-W with a magnetic layer thickness of 20 μm. This value is comparable to GMI observed in amorphous magnetic wires. Experiments also show that GMI values decrease when the Al2O3 content increases in a range from 0 to 7.0 at. %. This behavior is due to the increase in electrical resistivity and magnetic permeability of the samples that modifies the skin effect. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373166
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Memory effect in standard spin valve structures (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 4951-4953 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Memory effect has been observed in both standard top and bottom spin valves. The change of the magnetization state in the pinned FM layer, below the blocking temperature, reverses the direction of the exchange bias and destroys the magnetoresistance properties. This reversed exchange bias is much weaker, causing severe consequences in SV applications. This behavior can be explained in terms of blocking temperature distribution in the AFM layer perhaps due to the structural randomness. By varying cooling procedures, the exchange coupling in regions with different blocking temperatures can be separated. It is found that the maximum exchange bias is very close to the sum of the exchange biases in different regions. The domain wall energy in the FM layer has to be taken into account in order to explain the behavior of the reversed bias. The insertion of a synthetic antiferromagnetic subsystem (Co/Ru/Co) stabilizes the magnetization state in the pinned layer because of the additional interlayer coupling through the Ru layer. This suppresses the memory effect. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.373212
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Memory effect and temperature behavior in spin valves with and without antiferromagnetic subsystems (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 5692-5695 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Temperature behavior and memory effect in standard spin valves (SV) and SVs with synthetic antiferromagnetic (Co/Ru/Co) (SV-SAF) subsystems have been studied. SV-SAFs show much better temperature stability. Memory effect refers to the phenomenon that the exchange bias can be altered at temperatures (TR's) much lower than the blocking temperature (TB), and these temperatures (TR's) are imprinted into SVs. The memory effect greatly deteriorates the magnetoresistance behaviors in SV. Our results suggest that the memory effect is caused by a distribution of local blocking temperatures (Tb's). The magnetization state in the pinned layer is critical in determining the temperature behavior of HE and magnetoresistance. By partially reversing the magnetization in the pinned ferromagnetic (FM) layers, we are able to separate the temperature dependencies of the local exchange bias (He) associated with regions consisting of different Tb's. Two features have been observed: (1) the local exchange bias (He) with a narrow Tb distribution has a weak temperature dependence; (2) the simple algebraic sum of local He's nearly reproduce the total HE with the difference between these two quantities representing the domain wall energy in the FM layer. On the other hand, SV-SAFs show strong resistance to memory effects because of two factors; the strong exchange coupling through the Ru layer, and the net magnetic moment of Co/Ru/Co layers in SV-SAF being close to zero. The former makes the two SV-SAF FM layers behave coherently, while the latter makes the interaction between the SV-SAF and the external field negligibly small. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371580
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pinning effect of the grain boundaries on magnetic domain wall in FeCo-based magnetic alloys (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 6655-6659 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have studied the dynamics of grain growth and the pinning effect of grain boundaries on magnetic domain walls in FeCo soft magnetic alloys. It has been found that grain growth takes place at temperatures above 600 °C. The activation energy for grain growth in a disordered state at 820 °C is about 57.4±0.5 kcal/mole. The effect of grain size on magnetic properties has been singled out by keeping the same ordering parameter (S=0 and 0.88) for all samples studied. Microstructural characterization and magnetic measurements indicate that the grain size significantly affects the magnetic coercivity. A linear relationship between the coercivity and the reciprocal of the grain size has been universally found regardless of the heat-treatment histories. Lorenz microscopic observation demonstrates that grain boundaries act as pinning sites for the magnetic domain wall movement. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.370175
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced mechanical and magnetic properties of granular metal thin films (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 3275-3280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties of Ag-Al2O3 and Ni-Al2O3 granular metal films, as well as the magnetic behavior of the nickel-based films, is presented. Enhancements in the mechanical properties of these materials, as measured by low load indentation techniques, were observed for a metal volume fraction p of about 0.55. This volume fraction corresponded to the percolation threshold pc as determined from the magnetic measurements. A peak in the compliance as a function of p was observed, similar to elastic anomalies reported for small bilayer period superlattices. A discontinuity in the rate of change of hardness as a function of p was also observed, and believed to result from a change in deformation mechanism at pc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349286
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