ALBERT

Description: Water, Vol. 10, Pages 877: A New Assessment of Hydrological Change in the Source Region of the Yellow River Water doi: 10.3390/w10070877 Authors: Pan Wu Sihai Liang Xu-Sheng Wang Yuqing Feng Jeffrey M. McKenzie Hydrological responses to climate change are a widely concerning question, particularly for the source region of the Yellow River (SRYR), which is sensitive to climate change and is widely underlain by frozen ground. In considering climate change impacts on catchment properties, the traditional separation approach based on the Budyko framework was modified to identify and quantify the climatic causes of discharge changes. On the basis of the decomposition method, the traditional separation method and the modified separation method were used to analyse the discharge change in the SRYR. Using the observed annual maximum frozen depth (MFD) to indicate the frozen ground level, the impacts of frozen-ground degradation on the discharge change were further considered using the modified separation method. Our results show that the traditional separation approach underestimated climate-induced discharge change; over the past half-century, the discharge change in the SRYR has been primarily controlled by climate change. Increasing air temperature is generally a negative force on discharge generation; however, it also causes frozen ground to degrade—a positive factor for discharge generation. Such conflicting effects enhance the uncertainty in assessments of hydrological responses to climate change in the sub-basins with widely distributed permafrost.

Description: With semiconductor technology gradually approaching its physical and thermal limits, recent supercomputers have adopted major architectural changes to continue increasing the performance through more power-efficient heterogeneous many-core systems. Examples include Sunway TaihuLight that has four management processing elements (MPEs) and 256 computing processing elements (CPEs) inside one processor and Summit that has two central processing units (CPUs) and six graphics processing units (GPUs) inside one node. Meanwhile, current high-resolution Earth system models that desperately require more computing power generally consist of millions of lines of legacy code developed for traditional homogeneous multicore processors and cannot automatically benefit from the advancement of supercomputer hardware. As a result, refactoring and optimizing the legacy models for new architectures become key challenges along the road of taking advantage of greener and faster supercomputers, providing better support for the global climate research community and contributing to the long-lasting societal task of addressing long-term climate change. This article reports the efforts of a large group in the International Laboratory for High-Resolution Earth System Prediction (iHESP) that was established by the cooperation of Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (QNLM), Texas A&M University (TAMU), and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), with the goal of enabling highly efficient simulations of the high-resolution (25 km atmosphere and 10 km ocean) Community Earth System Model (CESM-HR) on Sunway TaihuLight. The refactoring and optimizing efforts have improved the simulation speed of CESM-HR from 1 SYPD (simulation years per day) to 3.4 SYPD (with output disabled) and supported several hundred years of pre-industrial control simulations. With further strategies on deeper refactoring and optimizing for remaining computing hotspots, as well as redesigning architecture-oriented algorithms, we expect an equivalent or even better efficiency to be gained on the new platform than traditional homogeneous CPU platforms. The refactoring and optimizing processes detailed in this paper on the Sunway system should have implications for similar efforts on other heterogeneous many-core systems such as GPU-based high-performance computing (HPC) systems.