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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2021-06-26
    Description: Coastal ecosystems and the services they provide are adversely affected by a wide variety of human activities. In particular, seagrass meadows are negatively affected by impacts accruing from the billion or more people who live within 50 km of them. Seagrass meadows provide important ecosystem services, including an estimated $1.9 trillion per year in the form of nutrient cycling; an order of magnitude enhancement of coral reef fish productivity; a habitat for thousands of fish, bird, and invertebrate species; and a major food source for endangered dugong, manatee, and green turtle. Although individual impacts from coastal development, degraded water quality, and climate change have been documented, there has been no quantitative global assessment of seagrass loss until now. Our comprehensive global assessment of 215 studies found that seagrasses have been disappearing at a rate of 110 square kilometers per year since 1980 and that 29% of the known areal extent has disappeared since seagrass areas were initially recorded in 1879. Furthermore, rates of decline have accelerated from a median of 0.9% per year before 1940 to 7% per year since 1990. Seagrass loss rates are comparable to those reported for mangroves, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests and place seagrass meadows among the most threatened ecosystems on earth.
    Keywords: Biology ; Ecology ; Management ; Pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 12377-12381
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2021-07-13
    Description: Coastal ecosystems and the services they provide are adversely affected by a wide variety of human activities. In particular, seagrass meadows are negatively affected by impacts accruing from the billion or more people who live within 50 km of them. Seagrass meadows provide important ecosystem services, including an estimated $1.9 trillion per year in the form of nutrient cycling; an order of magnitude enhancement of coral reef fish productivity; a habitat for thousands of fish, bird, and invertebrate species; and a major food source for endangered dugong, manatee, and green turtle. Although individual impacts from coastal development, degraded water quality, and climate change have been documented, there has been no quantitative global assessment of seagrass loss until now. Our comprehensive global assessment of 215 studies found that seagrasses have been disappearing at a rate of 110 square kilometers per year since 1980 and that 29% of the known areal extent has disappeared since seagrass areas were initially recorded in 1879. Furthermore, rates of decline have accelerated from a median of 0.9% per year before 1940 to 7% per year since 1990. Seagrass loss rates are comparable to those reported for mangroves, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests and place seagrass meadows among the most threatened ecosystems on earth.
    Description: PNAS early edition. Article PDF contains 5 pages; supplemental materials PDF contains 4 pages.
    Keywords: Conservation ; Management ; Environment ; Ecosystem decline ; Global Trajectories ; Habitat loss ; Marine habitat
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: article , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 12377-12381
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: Biodiversity Experiments
    Description: Seagrass meadows are among the world's most productive ecosystems, and as in many other systems, genetic diversity is correlated with increased production. However, only a small fraction of seagrass production is directly consumed, and instead much of the secondary production is fueled by the detrital food web. Here, we study the roles of plant genetic diversity and grazer species diversity on detrital consumption in California eelgrass Zostera marina meadows. We used three common mesograzers—an amphipod, Ampithoe lacertosa, an isopod, Idotea resecata, and a polychaete, Platynereis bicanaliculata. In a series of five independent experiments, we manipulated grazer species diversity and number of eelgrass clones and measured the resulting detrital consumption. Under monospecific grazer assemblages, plant genetic identity but not diversity influenced detritus consumption. However, more realistic, diverse mesoconsumer communities combined with high plant-detrital genotypic diversity resulted in greater consumption and grazer survival. These data are illustrated in figures 4 and 5 Reynolds et al., 2017 (DOI:10.1111/oik.04471). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/715422
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1234345
    Keywords: Seagrass ; Diversity ; Detritivory
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: Feeding Trials
    Description: Seagrass meadows are among the world's most productive ecosystems, and as in many other systems, genetic diversity is correlated with increased production. However, only a small fraction of seagrass production is directly consumed, and instead much of the secondary production is fueled by the detrital food web. Here, we study how plant genotype influences detrital consumption. We used three common mesograzers—an amphipod, Ampithoe lacertosa, an isopod, Idotea resecata, and a polychaete, Platynereis bicanaliculata. Each grazer consumed eelgrass detritus at rates greater than live eelgrass or macroalgae. This detrital consumption, however, was not spread evenly over leaves shed from different eelgrass clones. Palatability and consumption varied because of genotype specific differences in leaf texture, secondary metabolites (phenolics), and nutritional quality (nitrogen). Further, detritus derived from some eelgrass genotypes was palatable to all grazers, while detritus from other genotypes was preferentially consumed by only one grazer species. These data are illustrated in figures 2 and 3 of Reynolds et al., 2017 (DOI:10.1111/oik.04471). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/714942
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1234345
    Keywords: Seagrass ; Diversity ; Detritivory
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-10-31
    Description: Dataset: Invertebrate Survival
    Description: Seagrass meadows are among the world's most productive ecosystems, and as in many other systems, genetic diversity is correlated with increased production. However, only a small fraction of seagrass production is directly consumed, and instead much of the secondary production is fueled by the detrital food web. Here, we study the roles of plant genetic diversity and grazer species diversity on detrital consumption in California eelgrass Zostera marina meadows. We used three common mesograzers—an amphipod, Ampithoe lacertosa, an isopod, Idotea resecata, and a polychaete, Platynereis bicanaliculata. In this experiment, we raised communities of either Ampithoe lacertosa or communities of all three mesograzers on either no food, eelgrass detritus from a single clone, or eelgrass detritus from 3 of from 6 different clones. Under monospecific grazer assemblages, plant genetic identity but not diversity influenced detritus consumption. However, more realistic, diverse mesoconsumer communities combined with high plant-detrital genotypic diversity resulted in greater consumption and grazer survival. These data are illustrated in figure 6 of Reynolds et al., 2017 (DOI:10.1111/oik.04471). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/715405
    Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1234345
    Keywords: Seagrass ; Diversity ; Detritivory
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Restoration ecology 4 (1996), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Seagrass ecosystems fulfill ecologically and economically valuable functions in coastal marine environments. Unfortunately, seagrass beds are susceptible to natural and human disturbances, and their distrubution is declining worldwide. Although intentional disturbance of seagrass beds must be mitigated pursuant to U.S. law, to date mitigation of seagrass beds has not prevented a net loss of habitat. Transplantation of vegetative material from small areas of nearby beds is the primary method of seagrass mitigation. Restoration research on seagrasses has focused primarily on establishment of the plants and secondarily on the functional equivalency of the habitats. We questioned whether transplanted seagrass beds were comparable to “natural” beds in terms of genetic diversity and structure. We sampled Zostera marina L. (eel-grass) from 12 sites in the highly urbanized area of San Diego County and from pristine sites in Baja California. Using allozyme electrophoresis, we determined that genetic diversity (percentage of polymorphic loci, allele richness, expected and observed heterozygosities, and proportion of genetically unique individuals) was significantly reduced in transplanted eelgrass beds. Eelgrass from Baja California exhibited the highest genetic diversity. Based on Wright's F statistics, most of the genetic variation was distributed within rather than among sites (FST= 0.139), and the degree of genetic structure was only moderate at the greatest geographical scale (San Diego—Baja). Using a spatial statistical analysis (second-order analysis), we found virtually no evidence for nonrandom distribution of alleles or genotypes at scales of 3–50 m within beds. We discuss several hypotheses for reduced genetic diversity in transplanted eelgrass beds, including transplantation protocol, small size of transplantations, and reduced or failed sexual reproduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A major goal of population biologists involved in restoration work is to restore populations to a level that will allow them to persist over the long term within a dynamic landscape and include the ability to undergo adaptive evolutionary change. We discuss five research areas of particular importance to restoration biology that offer potentially unique opportunities to couple basic research with the practical needs of restorationists. The five research areas are: (1) the influence of numbers of individuals and genetic variation in the initial population on population colonization, establishment, growth, and evolutionary potential; (2) the role of local adaptation and life history traits in the success of restored populations; (3) the influence of the spatial arrangement of landscape elements on metapopulation dynamics and population processes such as migration; (4) the effects of genetic drift, gene flow, and selection on population persistence within an often accelerated, successional time frame; and (5) the influence of interspecific interactions on population dynamics and community development. We also provide a sample of practical problems faced by practitioners, each of which encompasses one or more of the research areas discussed, and that may be solved by addressing fundamental research questions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Biological invasion ; Facilitation ; Interference ; Musculista senhousia ; Zostera marina
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The transport and establishment of non-indigenous species in coastal marine environments are increasing worldwide, yet few studies have experimentally addressed the interactions between potentially dominant non-native species and native organisms. We studied the effects of the introduced mussel Musculista senhousia on leaf and rhizome growth and shoot density of eelgrass Zostera marina in San Diego Bay, California. We added M. senhousia over a natural range in biomass (0–1200 g dry mass/m2) to eelgrass in transplanted and established beds. The effects of the non-indigenous mussel varied from facilitation to interference depending on time, the abundance of M. senhousia, and the response variable considered. Consistent results were that mussel additions linearly inhibited eelgrass rhizome elongation rates. With 800 g dry mass/m2 of M. senhousia, eelgrass rhizomes grew 40% less than controls in two eelgrass transplantations and in one established eelgrass bed. These results indicate that M. senhousia, could both impair the success of transplantations of eelgrass, which spread vegetatively by rhizomes, and the spread of established Z. marina beds to areas inhabited by M. senhousia. Although effects on leaf growth were not always significant, in August in both eelgrass transplantations and established meadows leaf growth was fertilized by mussels, and showed a saturation-type relationship to sediment ammonium concentrations. Ammonium concentrations and sediment organic content were linear functions of mussel biomass. We found only small, non-consistent effects of M. senhousia on shoot density of eelgrass over 6-month periods. In established eelgrass beds, but not in transplanted eelgrass patches (≈0.8 m in diameter), added mussels suffered large declines. Hence, eelgrass is likely to be affected by M. senhousia primarily where Z. marina beds are patchy and sparse. Our study has management and conservation implications for eelgrass because many beds are already seriously degraded and limited in southern California where the mussel is very abundant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-10-24
    Description: Ecosystem restoration aims to restore biodiversity and valuable functions that have been degraded or lost. The Coral Triangle is a hotspot for marine biodiversity held in its coral reefs, seagrass meadows, and mangrove forests, all of which are in global decline. These coastal ecosystems support valuable fisheries and endangered species, protect shorelines, and are significant carbon stores, functions that have been degraded by coastal development, destructive fishing practices, and climate change. Ecosystem restoration is required to mitigate these damages and losses, but its practice is in its infancy in the region. Here we demonstrate that species diversity can set the trajectory of restoration. In a seagrass restoration experiment in the heart of the Coral Triangle (Sulawesi, Indonesia), plant survival and coverage increased with the number of species transplanted. Our results highlight the positive role biodiversity can play in ecosystem restoration and call for revision of the common restoration practice of establishing a single target species, particularly in regions having high biodiversity. Coastal ecosystems affect human well-being in many important ways, and restoration will become ever more important as conservation efforts cannot keep up with their loss.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2008-01-12
    Print ISSN: 1559-2723
    Electronic ISSN: 1559-2731
    Topics: Geography
    Published by Springer
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