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  • 1
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    Halogens in volcanic systems (2008)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The transport, degassing and atmospheric release of halogens from active volcanism on Earth have been the 12 focus of increasing interest over the last few decades, and have recently been the subject of the 1st workshop 13 on “Halogens in volcanic systems and their environmental impacts” that was held in December of 2007 at 14 Yosemite Lodge in Yosemite National Park, California. As an introduction to this Chemical Geology special 15 issue, collecting contributions from many of the participants at the workshop, we review here recent 16 advances in this field, including experimental and theoretical investigations of halogen behaviour in volcanic 17 and related magmatic systems. We discuss previous research on several aspects of halogen geochemistry, 18 including halogen abundances in the mantle and magmas on Earth; the effects of halogens on phase 19 equilibria and melt viscosities; their partitioning between melt and fluid phase(s) upon decompression, 20 cooling and crystallisation of magmas in the ^ Earth's crust; and their final atmospheric release as volcanic 21 gases. The role of halogens in the genesis of hydrothermal systems and in the transport of ore-forming metals 22 is also reviewed, and we discuss our current understanding of atmospheric processing of volcanic halogens in 23 both the troposphere and stratosphere, and their consequent impacts. In spite of these recent advancements, 24 our current understanding of halogen geochemistry at active volcanoes is still far too fragmentary, and the 25 key questions that require answers from future research are summarised in our conclusions.
    Description: PRIN 2008 and DPC-INGV 1381 2007-2009 grants; NSERC Dis- 1382 covery grant; NSF award EAR 0308866
    Description: In press
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Halogens ; Volcanic gas ; Ore deposits ; Atmospheric effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Halogens in volcanic systems (2009)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The transport, degassing and atmospheric release of halogens from active volcanism on Earth have been the focus of increasing interest over the last few decades, and have recently been the subject of the 1st workshop on “Halogens in volcanic systems and their environmental impacts” that was held in December of 2007 at Yosemite Lodge in Yosemite National Park, California. As an introduction to this Chemical Geology special issue, collecting contributions from many of the participants at the workshop, we review here recent advances in this field, including experimental and theoretical investigations of halogen behaviour in volcanic and related magmatic systems. We discuss previous research on several aspects of halogen geochemistry, including halogen abundances in the mantle and magmas on Earth; the effects of halogens on phase equilibria and melt viscosities; their partitioning between melt and fluid phase(s) upon decompression, cooling and crystallisation of magmas in the Earth's crust; and their final atmospheric release as volcanic gases. The role of halogens in the genesis of hydrothermal systems and in the transport of ore-forming metals is also reviewed, and we discuss our current understanding of atmospheric processing of volcanic halogens in both the troposphere and stratosphere, and their consequent impacts. In spite of these recent advancements, our current understanding of halogen geochemistry at active volcanoes is still far too fragmentary, and the key questions that require answers from future research are summarised in our conclusions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-18
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Halogens ; Magmatic fluids ; Ore deposits ; Volcanic degassing ; Volcanic gas ; Atmospheric effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strong tin enrichment in a pegmatite-forming melt (2000)
    Springer
    Mineralium deposita 35 (2000), S. 570-582 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1866
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract To investigate processes of magmatic tin enrichment and cassiterite deposition, we studied the abundances of major, trace, and volatile elements in a large number of rehomogenized silicate melt inclusions in quartz and topaz from a pegmatite body at the Ehrenfriedersdorf Sn–W deposit. This deposit is associated with evolved Variscan granites of the central Erzgebirge, southeast Germany. The melt inclusions are peraluminous; the molar aluminum saturation index (ASI) ranges from 1.15 to 2.0, and many inclusions are characterized by a very high content of fluxing components and volatiles. Some inclusions contain more than 20 wt% of H2O, F, Cl, and P2O5, plus Li as well as very high levels of Sn. Some rare, highly evolved fractions of late-stage pegmatite-forming liquid at Ehrenfriedersdorf contained up to 7000 ppm Sn. The presence of hydrogen and methane in addition to water and carbon dioxide in the vapor phase of the melt inclusions suggests a very low oxygen fugacity for some fractions of magma. The extreme levels of tin, volatiles, and fluxing components in this magma had an important influence on processes of melt movement and cassiterite precipitation. Melts, like these, that are high in volatiles and alkalis (sum of Li2O, Na2O, K2O, Rb2O, and Cs2O is 〉8 wt%) have low densities (≤1.8 g/cm3), low viscosities (〈10 Pa.s at 700 °C), facilitate relatively rapid diffusion of ions through melts, and hence are excellent solvents for extracting and transporting ore-forming elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001260050262
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melt inclusions in pegmatite quartz: complete miscibility between silicate melts and hydrous fluids at low pressure (2000)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 139 (2000), S. 394-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Fluorine-, boron- and phosphorus-rich pegmatites of the Variscan Ehrenfriedersdorf complex crystallized over a temperature range from about 700 to 500 °C at a pressure of about 1 kbar. Pegmatite quartz crystals continuously trapped two different types of melt inclusions during cooling and growth: a silicate-rich H2O-poor melt and a silicate-poor H2O-rich melt. Both melts were simultaneously trapped on the solvus boundaries of the silicate (+ fluorine + boron + phosphorus) − water system. The partially crystallized melt inclusions were rehomogenized at 1 kbar between 500 and 712 °C in steps of 50 °C by conventional rapid-quench hydrothermal experiments. Glasses of completely rehomogenized inclusions were analyzed for H2O by Raman spectroscopy, and for major and some trace elements by EMP (electron microprobe). Both types of melt inclusions define a solvus boundary in an XH2O–T pseudobinary system. At 500 °C, the silicate-rich melt contains about 2.5 wt% H2O, and the conjugate water-rich melt about 47 wt% H2O. The solvus closes rapidly with increasing temperature. At 650 °C, the water contents are about 10 and 32 wt%, respectively. Complete miscibility is attained at the critical point: 712 °C and 21.5 wt% H2O. Many pegmatites show high concentrations of F, B, and P, this is particularly true for those pegmatites associated with highly evolved peraluminous granites. The presence of these elements dramatically reduces the critical pressure for fluid–melt systems. At shallow intrusion levels, at T ≥ 720 °C, water is infinitely soluble in a F-, B-, and P-rich melt. Simple cooling induces a separation into two coexisting melts, accompanied with strong element fractionation. On the water-rich side of the solvus, very volatile-rich melts are produced that have vastly different physical properties as compared to “normal” silicate melts. The density, viscosity, diffusivity, and mobility of such hyper-aqueous melts under these conditions are more comparable to an aqueous fluid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004100000120
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation protection for carbon fibre composites (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 31 (1996), S. 1389-1397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Carbon fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composites are promising candidate materials for high-temperature structural applications such as gas turbine blades. In oxidizing environments at temperatures above 400°C, however, carbon fibres are rapidly oxidized. There is, therefore, a need to coat the composite in order to protect it against oxidation. This review identifies the requirements of an effective oxidation protection system for carbon fibre-reinforced ceramics and summarizes the work which has been carried out towards this goal over the last 50 years. The most promising coatings are those composed of several ceramic layers designed to protect against erosion, spallation and corrosion, in addition to possessing a self-healing capability by the formation of glassy phases on exposure to oxygen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00357844
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  • 6
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    Magmatic Apatite: A Powerful, Yet Deceptive, Mineral (2015)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    In: Elements
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-02
    Description: Apatite may be a minor constituent in magmatic rocks but it is a powerful research tool because it is ubiquitous and it incorporates magmatic water, halogens, S, C, and trace elements including Sr, U, Th, and the rare earth elements. Recent advances in experimental and analytical methodologies allow geologists to analyze apatite textures and compositions in great detail. This information improves understanding of the behavior of volatiles and trace elements both in terrestrial igneous melts and their related fluids and in extraterrestrial bodies, such as the Moon and Mars. With more research, the petrological power of apatite can only increase with respect to understanding eruptive, pluton-building, and mineralizing magmatic systems.
    Print ISSN: 1811-5209
    Electronic ISSN: 1811-5217
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 7
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    C-O-H-Cl-S-F Volatile Solubilities, Partitioning, and Mixing in Phonolitic-Trachytic Melts and Aqueous-Carbonic Vapor {+/-} Saline Liquid at 200 MPa (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-05
    Description: Hydrothermal experiments were conducted at 200 MPa and 900–1018°C to determine the solubilities, fluid(s)–melt partitioning, and mixing properties of H 2 O, CO 2 , S, Cl, and F in phonolitic–trachytic melts saturated in vapor, vapor plus saline liquid, or saline liquid. The bulk compositions and S, Cl, and F concentrations of the run-product glasses were determined by electron microprobe and the H 2 O and CO 2 contents by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A new parameterization was developed to calculate molar absorption coefficients for FTIR analysis of carbonate in glasses and applied to the run-product glasses. The concentrations of volatiles in the fluid(s) were determined by mass-balance calculations and checked with chloridometer analysis and gravimetry. The range in oxygen fugacity of these experiments is NNO to NNO + 2 (where NNO is nickel–nickel oxide buffer). The phonolitic–trachytic melts dissolved up to 7·5 wt % H 2 O, 0·94 wt % Cl, 0·73 wt % CO 2 , 0·75 wt % F, and 0·16 wt % S, and the integrated bulk fluid(s) contained up to 99 mol % H 2 O, 34 mol % Cl, 82 mol % CO 2 , 1·7 mol % F, and 3·7 mol % S. The mixing relationships of H 2 O, CO 2 , and Cl in melt versus fluid(s) are complex and strongly non-ideal at these pressure–temperature conditions, particularly with two fluid phases stable. The concentrations of H 2 O and CO 2 in melt change with the addition of Cl ± S to the system, and the solubility of Cl in melt varies with S. The reductions in H 2 O and CO 2 solubility in melt exceed those resulting from simple dilution of the coexisting fluid(s) owing to addition of other volatiles. The partitioning of H 2 O and CO 2 between fluid(s) and melt varies as a function of fluid(s) and melt composition. The experimental data are applied to phonolitic and related magmas of Mt. Somma–Vesuvius, Italy, Mt. Erebus, Antarctica, and Cripple Creek, USA, to better interpret processes of fluid(s) exsolution in eruptive and mineralizing systems. Application of the experimental results also provides constraints on eruptive and mineralizing fluid(s) compositions.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
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    Experimental and modeled chlorine solubilities in aluminosilicate melts at 1 to 7000 bars and 700 to 1250 {degrees}C: Applications to magmas of Augustine Volcano, Alaska (2015)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-13
    Description: Hydrothermal experiments were conducted at ca. 1 to 7000 bars and 700 to 1250 °C in 121 rhyolitic to basaltic systems to determine Cl solubility in silicate melts, i.e., the maximum Cl concentration in melts that are saturated in a hydrosaline liquid with or without an aqueous or aqueous-carbonic vapor. The Cl concentration of melts increases with the Cl contents of the fluid unless the melt coexists with vapor plus hydrosaline liquid at fixed pressure and temperature; this phase assemblage buffers the Cl content of each phase with increasing Cl in the system. The Cl content of fluid(s)-saturated melts is independent of the CO 2 concentration of the saline liquid ± vapor with up to 21 wt% CO 2 in the fluid(s). The experiments show that Cl dissolution in aluminosilicate melts increases with temperature and pressure. Chlorine solubility is also a function of melt composition; it increases with the molar ([Al 1/2 +Ca 1/2 +Mg 1/2 +Na]/Si) of the melt. These experimental data have been integrated with results involving 41 other experiments ( Webster and De Vivo 2002 ) to develop a broadly expanded model that supports calculation of Cl solubility in 163 aluminosilicate melts. This empirical model applies to Cl dissolution in melts of most silicate magmas at depths as great as 25 km. It determines the exsolution of hydrosaline liquid, with or without a coexisting vapor, as magmas ascend from depth, cool, crystallize, and differentiate from mafic to felsic compositions. In combination with H 2 O solubility models, our model supports determination of H 2 O-Cl solubility relations for most aluminosilicate magmas and is useful for barometric estimations based on silicate melt inclusions containing low CO 2 and moderate to high-Cl concentrations. The model is applied to the phase relations of fluids in volatile-enriched magmas of Augustine volcano, Alaska. The Cl and H 2 O concentrations of melt inclusions from 14, basaltic to dacitic eruptive units are compared with modeled solubilities of Cl and H 2 O in Augustine melts. The majority of these eruptions involved magmas that first exsolved aqueous to aqueous-carbonic vapors when the melts were dacitic in composition (i.e., before the residual melts in these magmas had evolved to felsic compositions) and well prior to the eruptions. Hydrosaline liquid with or without a vapor phase exsolved from other, more-felsic fractions of Augustine melts at low, near-surface pressures of several tens of bars.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 9
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    Dissolved Cl, oxygen fugacity, and their effects on Fe behavior in a hydrous rhyodacitic melt (2015)
    Mineralogical Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-02
    Description: We have conducted a series of experiments to evaluate the intrinsic effects of dissolved chlorine on Fe 3+ /Fe and magnetite solubility in hydrous chloride-rich rhyodaciticliquids. The addition of Cl to the melt appears to have two prominent effects on iron in the melt: (1) dissolved Cl appears to perturb the magnetite-melt equilibrium, such that greater FeO total contents are required to support magnetite saturation in Cl-bearing melts than in Cl-free melts of equivalent bulk compositions; and (2) a systematic and progressive decrease of the measured Fe 3+ /Fe as f O 2 is increased. These two intimately related effects each have important implications for redox processes occurring in Cl-enriched arc magmas.
    Print ISSN: 0003-004X
    Electronic ISSN: 1945-3027
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Mineralogical Society of America
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  • 10
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    Intrinsic apoptosis shapes the tumor spectrum linked to inactivation of the deubiquitinase BAP1 (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Malignancies arising from mutation of tumor suppressors have unexplained tissue proclivity. For example, 〈i〉BAP1〈/i〉 encodes a widely expressed deubiquitinase for histone H2A, but germline mutations are predominantly associated with uveal melanomas and mesotheliomas. We show that BAP1 inactivation causes apoptosis in mouse embryonic stem cells, fibroblasts, liver, and pancreatic tissue but not in melanocytes and mesothelial cells. Ubiquitin ligase RNF2, which silences genes by monoubiquitinating H2A, promoted apoptosis in BAP1-deficient cells by suppressing expression of the prosurvival genes 〈i〉Bcl2〈/i〉 and 〈i〉Mcl1.〈/i〉 In contrast, BAP1 loss in melanocytes had little impact on expression of prosurvival genes, instead inducing 〈i〉Mitf〈/i〉. Thus, BAP1 appears to modulate gene expression by countering H2A ubiquitination, but its loss only promotes tumorigenesis in cells that do not engage an RNF2-dependent apoptotic program.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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