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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The occurrence of gas-vacuolate bacteria in lakes (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 118 (1978), S. 223-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gas vacuoles ; Gas-vacuolate bacteria ; Buoyancy ; Anaerobic hypolimnia ; Lakes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to assess the importance of gas vacuoles in planktonic bacteria we carried out a survey of 35 lakes of different types. At least 39 morphologically distinct species of gas-vacuolate bacteria were encountered. All of the freshwater lakes, and one of two seawater-flooded quarries, which became thermally stratified in summer, contained gas-vacuolate bacteria in their anaerobic hypolimnia; however, with one exception, none was found in isothermally mixed lakes. This pattern of distribution supports the idea that gas vacuoles are important in providing buoyancy, a function which is relevant only in non-turbulent aquatic systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429109
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development and vertical distribution of populations of gas-vacuolate bacteria in a eutrophic, monomictic lake (1978)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 118 (1978), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gas vacuoles ; Gas-vacuolate bacteria ; Buoyancy regulation ; Anaerobic hypolimnia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of gas vacuoles in the vertical stratification of planktonic bacteria is analysed. Measurements made with certain gas-vacuolate bacteria in laboratory culture suggest that only colonial forms could sink or float fast enough to form population maxima in lakes by vertical migration from other depths. It is suggested that in the case of individual cells the importance of the buoyancy provided by gas vacuoles is to minimise sinking rates and thereby to increase residence times of the organisms at depths where conditions support their growth. Changes in the vertical distribution of a number of gas-vacuolate bacteria were followed throughout the year in a monomictic, eutrophic lake (Crose Mere, Shropshire). All were restricted to the anaerobic hypolimnion which developed in summer. The various species formed maxima at different depths and times. With some of them (e.g. species of Thiopedia, Pelonema and Brachyarcus) growth was necessary to explain their development. In others (e. g. species of Pelodictyon and two colourless bacteria) vertical migrations might also have contributed to their development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429110
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical composition of gas vesicles isolated from Anabaena flos-aquae (1972)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 85 (1972), S. 304-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chemical analysis of purified preparations of gas vesicles isolated from the filamentous blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae has shown that they are similar in composition to those isolated from the unicellular alga Microcystis aeruginosa by Jones and Jost (1970), being proteinaceous structures, free of lipid and carbohydrate. The gas vesicle protein from Anabaena contains the same 14 amino acids, in broadly the same proportions; in addition there is a small proportion of proline. No sulphur-containing amino acids are present. The empirical formula, suggested by the amino acid ratios, indicates a molecule of 15000 MW.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00549268
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of gas-vacuoles released from cells of the blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae (1968)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 60 (1968), S. 76-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cells of the blue-green alga Anabaena flos-aquae were ruptured and the gas-cylinders, which comprise the gas-vacuoles, were released. The gas-cylinders released retained their same shape and structure: 70 mμ or more wide, 0.2–0.9 μ long, with conical ends. Staining with phosphotungstic acid showed the membrane to be made up of particles arranged in rows, about 5 mμ apart, running round the cylinder at right angles to the long axis. Some of the cylinders became flattened during the preparation. Rounding-off of the gas-cylinders on isolation, described by others, was not encountered. However, some of the isolated gas-cylinders were considerably wider than 70 mμ and it is possible that they tend to shorten and widen on isolation from the cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412874
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The buoyancy-providing role of gas vacuoles in an aerobic bacterium (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 109 (1976), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Prosthecomicrobium pneumaticum ; Gas vacuoles ; Buoyancy ; Gas vacuole deficient mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The heterotrophic, freshwater bacterium Prosthecomicrobium pneumaticum Staley possesses sufficient gas vacuoles to render it buoyant at all stages of growth. Although the cells have a turgor pressure of about 300 kPa, there is no evidence that this pressure is important in causing collapse of the constituent gas vesicles. A mutant of the bacterium, which produced only 0.2% of the amount of gas vacuoles produced by the wild type, was isolated. It always sank in liquid culture. Wild type and mutant bacteria grew at the same rate in shaken culture, but in static culture the wild type, which floated to the liquid surface grew more quickly than the mutant, which sank. Other competition experiments suggested that the advantage gained in floating at the surface was simply that oxygen was more readily available there to this obligate aerobe. Similar advantages may benefit gas vacuolate forms in natural habitats. A second mutant was isolated which produced about 40% fewer gas vacuoles than the wild type in corresponding stages of growth, insufficient to provide buoyancy, and unlikely to be of selective value. The occurrence of this mutant suggests there may be duplication of the gas vacuole gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425125
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in turgor pressure in response to increases in external NaCl concentration in the gas-vacuolate cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. (1985)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 143 (1985), S. 290-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Turgor pressure ; Salt shock ; Turgor regulation ; K+ uptake, Microcystis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in cell turgor pressure have been followed in cells of Microcystis sp. transferred to culture medium containing added NaCl at osmolalities of 30–1,500 mosmol kg-1 (≡ 74–3,680 kPa). Upon upshock turgor decreased, due to osmotically-induced water loss from the cell. However, partial recovery of turgor was then observed in illuminated cells, with maximum turgor regain in media containing 30–500 mosmol kg-1 NaCl. The lightdependent recovery of turgor pressure was completed within 60 min, with no evidence of further changes in cell turgor up to 24 h. This is the first direct evidence that turgor regulation may occur in a prokaryotic organism. Short-term increases in cell K+ content were also observed upon upshock in NaCl, indicating that turgor regain may involve a turgorsensitive K+ uptake system. Estimation of internal K+ concentration in cells transferred to 250 mosmol kg-1 NaCl showed that changes in cell K+ may account for at least half of the observed turgor regain up to 60 min.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00411252
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas vesicles are strengthened by the outer-surface protein, GvpC (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 157 (1992), S. 229-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Gas vesicles ; Protein reassembly ; Anabaena flos-aquae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The critical collapse pressure of gas vesicles isolated from Anabaena flos-aquae decreased from 0.557 to 0.190 MPa when GvpC, the hydrophilic 22 kDa protein present on the outer surface of the gas vesicle, was removed by rising in 6 M urea. Recombinant GvpC was purified from inclusion bodies, produced in an E. coli strain containing an expression vector bearing the gene ecoding GvpC from A. flos-aquae, and then solubilised in 6 M urea. This recombinant GvpC became bound to gas vesicles that had been stripped of their native protein, when the urea was removed by dialysis; the amount which bound increased with the concentration of GvpC present. The critical pressure of these reconstituted gas vesicles increased to 0.533 MPa, 96% of the original value. These results indicate that the function of GvpC is to increase the strength of the structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00245155
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absence of gas vesicle protein in a mutant of Anabaena flos-aquae (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 114 (1977), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Gas vacuoleless mutant ; Gas vesicle protein ; Blue-green alga ; Anabaena flos-aquae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Filaments without gas vacuoles arose spontaneously in the gas-vacuolate alga Anabaena flos-aquae. The non-vacuolate mutant was enriched by repeated sedimentation and subsequently cloned by microsyringe transfer. No revertants have been observed. In the gas-vacuolate wild-type alga the gas vesicle protein was clearly distinguished by gel electrophoresis as one of the ten most abundant protein species present in whole cell extracts. Electrophoresis indicated that the mutant had lost the ability to synthesize the gas vesicle protein. A second mutant partially defective in production of gas vacuoles and gas vesicle protein has been isolated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00410779
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of the strength and stability of gas vesicles isolated from a blue-green alga (1971)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 79 (1971), S. 327-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The strength of intact gas vesicle membranes isolated from the bluegreen alga Anabaena flos-aquae was investigated under different physical and chemical conditions some of which might be important in determining their stability in living cells. High concentrations of urea and of divalent cations, pH's above 9 and below 7, exposure to proteolytic enzymes and temperatures over 40°C, all resulted in weakening of the gas vesicles, as indicated by changes in their range of critical-collapse pressure. Detergents gave no apparent increase in critical pressure, suggesting that the interfacial tension at the outer surface of the membrane is very small. Taking these properties into consideration a simple method of isolating intact gas vesicles was improved to give better than 50% recovery and membranes of 97.6% purity. The gas vesicles prepared in this way could be preserved intact by freeze-drying. The stability of gas vesicles in different environments is discussed in relation to their proteinaceous composition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424908
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas Vesicles (1975)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology 26 (1975), S. 427-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4294
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.26.060175.002235
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