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  • 1
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    Effect of Nozzle Design on Fuel Spray and Flame Formation in a High-Speed Compression-Ignition Engine (1937)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Fuel was injected from different type of injection nozzles into the combustion chamber of the NACA combustion apparatus, operated as a compression-ignition engine. High speed motion pictures were taken of the fuel sprays and combustion. Single-orifice nozzles of 0.008, 0.020, and 0.040 inch diameter, and multiorifice nozzles having 2, 6, and 16 orifices were tested. Nozzles having impinging jets and slit orifices were also included. The photographs indicate that the rate of vapor diffusion from the spray is comparatively slow and that this slow rate of diffusion for combustion chambers with little or no air flow prevents the compression-ignition engine from giving the high performance inherent in the high compression ratios. The sprays from the multiorifice nozzles destroyed the air movement to a greater extent than did those from single orifice nozzles. It is concluded that high performance cannot be realized until the methods of distributing the fuel are improved by means of the injection-nozzle design, air flow, or both.
    Type: NACA-TR-561
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 2
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    A Preliminary Motion-picture Study of Combustion in a Compression-ignition Engine (1934)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Motion pictures were taken at 1,850 frames per second of the spray penetration and combustion occurring in the N.A.C.A. combustion apparatus arranged to operate as a compression-ignition engine. Indicator cards were taken simultaneously with the motion pictures by means of the N.A.C.A. optical indicator. The motion pictures showed that when ignition occurred during injection it started in the spray envelope. If ignition occurred after injection cut-off, however, and after considerable mixing had taken place, it was impossible to predict where the ignition would start. The pictures also showed that ignition usually started at several points in the combustion chamber. With this apparatus, as the injection advance angle increased from 0 degrees to 40 degrees before top center, the rate of flame spread increased and the duration of the burning decreased.
    Type: NACA-TN-496
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    Intermittent-flow coefficients of a poppet valve (1939)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Flow coefficients were determined for the inlet valve of a modern air-cooled cylinder during operation of the valve. The cylinder head with valves was mounted on a large tank that could be evacuated. Operating the valve with a rotating cam allowed air to flow through the valve into the evacuated tank. The change of pressure in the tank was a measure of the amount of air flowing though the valve in a given number of cycles. The flow coefficients were determined from the pressure across the valve, the quantity of air flowing, and the valve-lift curve. Coefficients were measured with lifts of 0.1 to 0.6 inch and speeds of 130 to 1,200 r.p.m. The results obtained with intermittent flow were compared with the results of tests made with steady flow through this cylinder head. This comparison indicated that steady-flow coefficients can be used for intermittent flow.
    Type: NACA-TN-701
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Some Characteristics of Sprays Obtained from Pintle-type Injection Nozzles (1933)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents the results of tests made with the pintle-type injection nozzles, one having a pintle angle of 8 degrees, the other a pintle angle of 30 degrees. The fuel was injected into a glass-windowed pressure chamber and the spray photographed by means of the N.A.C.A. spray photography apparatus. Curves are presented that give the penetration of the spray tips when fuel oil is injected by pressures of 1,500 to 4,000 pounds per square inch into air at room temperature and densities of 11 to 18 atmospheres. High-speed spark photographs show the appearance of the sprays in air at a density of 18 atmospheres. The results indicate that the pintle angles have little effect on the size of the spray cone angle, which is about the same as that of sprays from plain round hole orifices. The penetration of the spray from the nozzle with an 8 degree pintle is slightly higher than that of the spray from the nozzle with a 30 degree pintle. The penetration of the sprays from the pintle nozzles, for comparable conditions of injection pressure and air density, is about the same as that of sprays from round-hole orifices. Increase in air density decreases the penetration in about the same ratio with all the injection pressures.
    Keywords: Aircraft Propulsion and Power
    Type: NACA-TN-465
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Effect of Engine Operating Conditions on the Vaporization of Safety Fuels (1932)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Tests were conducted with the N.A.C.A. combustion apparatus to determine the effect of compression ratio and engine temperature on the vaporization of a hydrogenated "safety fuel" during the compression stroke under conditions similar to those in a spark-ignition engine. The effects of fuel boiling temperature on vaporization using gasoline, safety fuel, and Diesel fuel oil was also investigated. The results show that increasing the compression ratio has little effect on the rate of fuel vaporization, but that increasing the air temperature by increasing the engine temperature increases the rate of fuel vaporization. The results also show that the vaporized fuel forms a homogeneous mixture with the air more rapidly that does the atomized fuel spray.
    Type: NACA-TN-430
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    Some Characteristics of Fuel Sprays at Low-injection Pressures (1931)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report presents the results of tests conducted at the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory, Langley Field, Va., to determine some of the characteristics of the fuel sprays obtained from an 0.008-inch and a 0.020-inch open nozzle when injection pressures from 100 to 500 pounds per square inch were used. Fuel oil and gasoline were injected into air at densities of atmospheric land 0.325 pound per cubic foot. It was found that the penetration rate at these low pressures was about the same as the rate obtained with higher pressures. Spray cone-angles were small and individual oil drops were visible in all the sprays. Gasoline and fuel oil sprays had similar characteristics.
    Type: NACA-TN-399
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    Flow coefficients of monosleeve valves (1941)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The flow coefficients of the intake and the exhaust ports of a sleeve-valve cylinder were measured by attaching the cylinder to a large tank and measuring the changes in pressure and temperature in the tank that were caused by short periods of air flow through the valve ports. The derivation of the equations on which the flow coefficients are based is given. The distribution of total pressure in the arms of the sleeve-valve intake manifold was measured. The arms are found to have as little as 75 percent of the total pressure within the manifold entrance.
    Type: NACA-TR-717
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Fuel Spray and Flame Formation in a Compression-Ignition Engine Employing Air Flow (1937)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The effects of air flow on fuel spray and flame formation in a high-speed compression-ignition engine have been investigated by means of the NACA combustion apparatus. The process was studied by examining high-speed motion pictures taken at the rate of 2,200 frames a second. The combustion chamber was of the flat-disk type used in previous experiments with this apparatus. The air flow was produced by a rectangular displacer mounted on top of the engine piston. Three fuel-injection nozzles were tested: a 0.020-inch single-orifice nozzle, a 6-orifice nozzle, and a slit nozzle. The air velocity within the combustion chamber was estimated to reach a value of 425 feet a second. The results show that in no case was the form of the fuel spray completely destroyed by the air jet although in some cases the direction of the spray was changed and the spray envelope was carried away by the moving air. The distribution of the fuel in the combustion chamber of a compression-ignition engine can be regulated to some extent by the design of the combustion chamber, by the design of the fuel-injection nozzle, and by the use of air flow.
    Type: NACA-TR-588
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Pressure drop in tank and float vent tubes on diving airplanes (1939)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Type: NACA-WR-E-114
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Fuel Vaporization and Its Effect on Combustion in a High-Speed Compression-Ignition Engine (1933)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The tests discussed in this report were conducted to determine whether or not there is appreciable vaporization of the fuel injected into a high-speed compression-ignition engine during the time available for injection and combustion. The effects of injection advance angle and fuel boiling temperature were investigated. The results show that an appreciable amount of the fuel is vaporized during injection even though the temperature and pressure conditions in the engine are not sufficient to cause ignition either during or after injection, and that when the conditions are such as to cause ignition the vaporization process affects the combustion. The results are compared with those of several other investigators in the same field.
    Type: NACA-TR-435
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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