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  • 1
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 56 (2000), S. 973-985 
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Laue data reduction has now reached a level of sophistication that allows nearly automated processing to be performed. The software described enables complete reduction of the data with essentially no user intervention, making Laue processing almost as straightforward as monochromatic data processing. Interactive work is limited to the indexing of only one Laue pattern. More importantly, it is shown that the data quality is substantially enhanced when soft-limited predictions are used. Further improvement obtained by taking advantage of the structure-factor amplitudes from a known closely related structure is described. To determine the most suitable type of insertion device to be used for time-resolved Laue crystallography, the technique described was applied to Laue data sets collected from photoactive yellow protein under identical conditions but with three different insertion devices: a wiggler, a broad-bandpass undulator and a single-line undulator. Although the optimal choice may ultimately be dictated by sample parameters (such as mosaic spread) and by the type of experiment (repeatable or non-repeatable reactions), the results here show that the use of single-line undulators will generally yield by far the best compromise between data quality, acquisition time and radiation damage.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 118 (1987), S. 1185-1194 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Linear Pentapyrrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the pentapyrrin1 was determined by X-ray diffraction methodes at two temperatures (298K and 97K). It is the first structure determination of a linear polypyrrole with more than four pyrrole rings. In the crystal, the molecule is located on a crystallographic two-fold axis, which passes through the central pyrrole ring. It assumes a helical overall-conformation, which is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The acidic proton at the nitrogen atom of the central pyrrolic ring is disordered, being observed with half occupancy at two symmetry-equivalent positions off the crystallographic diad. Attempts to remove the disorder by cooling to 97K were unsuccessful, since no indication for a phase transition was detected.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 122 (1991), S. 749-758 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Bile pigments ; Linear tetrapyrroles ; Bilatriene-abc ; Crystal structure ; Aryl-bilatriene-abc ; Aetiobiliverdin-IVγ
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über Kristallstrukturbestimmungen von Aetiobiliverdin-IVγ (1) sowie zweiermeso-substituierter Arylbilatriene-abc (dem 2-Imidazolylderivat2 und dem 4-Nitrophenylderivat3) berichtet. Alle drei Moleküle liegen im Kristall in einerZ,Z,Z Konfiguration vor und nehmen eineall-syn-Konformation ein, woraus sich eine helikale Molekülgestalt ergibt. Als Folge der sterischen Abstoßung zwischen dem Arylsubstituenten und den beiden Methylgruppen an den Positionen 8 und 12 sind die Ganghöhe und die Krümmung der Helix in den beidenmeso-substituierten Derivaten2 und3 gegenüber1 vergrößert. Die Kristallpackung wird in den drei Kristallstrukturen bestimmt durch die Ausbildung S-förmiger, zentrosymmetrischer Dimeren, die durch zwei intermolekulare Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen dem pyrrolischen Wasserstoffatom und dem Carbonylsauerstoff von Ring A zweier zentro-symmetrieäquivalenter Moleküle zusammengehalten werden.
    Notes: Summary Crystal structure determinations of etiobiliverdin-IVγ (1) and of twomeso-substituted arylbilatrienes-abc (the 2-imidazolylderivative2 and the 4-nitrophenylderivative3) are reported. All three molecules have aZ,Z,Z configuration and occur in the crystal in anall-syn conformation, which results in a helical overall molecular shape. As a consequence of the steric repulsion between the aryl substituent and the two methyl groups on positions 8 and 12, the pitch and the curvature of the helix are larger in the twomeso-substituted derivatives2 and3 compared to1. In each structure, the packing is dominated by the formation of centrosymmetric, S-shaped dimers via two hydrogen bonds between the pyrrolic H-atom and the carbonyl oxygen of ring A of two molecules related by the operation of an inversion center.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 119 (1988), S. 793-812 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: 2,3-Dihydrodipyrrin-1(10H)-ones ; Nucleophilic Addition ; Reaction mechanism ; Stereochemistry ; Crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 1H NMR-spectroscopic investigations of the acid catalyzed addition of methanol to dihydrodipyrrinones (Z)-2, (E)-2, and4 show the C-protonation of their enamide parts to be the first and rate determining step forming the key intermediate, the N-acyl-immonium ion N+. Its ability to add nucleophiles diastereoselectively can be used to prepare the adductsl-3 andl-5. Exclusive formation of thelike-isomer can be explained by a stereoelectronically favoured approach of the nucleophile and by the thermodynamically favoured arrangement of the bulky ring substituents. Both explanations are based on low temperature X-ray crystal structure determinations: in the first place, the orientation of the added nucleophile could be found to be nearly parallel to the π-plane of the lactam unit and quasi-axial with respect to theenvelope-like conformation of the five-ring lactam; in the second place, the relative orientation of the methoxycarbonyl-metyl-group at C-3 and the pyrrolylmethyl-substituent at C-4 could be found to be atrans-quasi-diequatorial one.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 119 (1988), S. 813-831 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: 2,3-Dihydrodipyrrin-1(10H)-ones ; Nucleophilic Addition ; Stereoelectronic Effects ; Crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Model compound5 was prepared by acid catalyzedintramolecular nucleophilic addition of the alcohol (Z)-4. In comparison to theintermolecular addition productl-2, differences in structure and reactivity could be determined by X-ray crystal structure analysis and1H-NMR-spectroscopic investigations. The interpretation of these differences are based on the assumption of stereoelectronic advantages in the intermolecular adductl-2. Its methoxy group was found to beperiplanar with respect to the π-(NCO)-plane of the lactam unit enabeling efficient delocalization of the amide lone pair to the σ*-orbital of the C-OMe-bond. The orientation of the corresponding C-O-bond in5 is fixed by the rigid structure of the bicyclic ring system and can be classified assynclinal. Consequentlyl-2 eliminates methanol very easily under acidic or high temperature conditions, whereas5 is a stable compound. In the stereoelectronically favoured adductl-2 n → σ*-delocalization increases elimination reactivity on the one hand and thermodynamic stability on the other hand. Therefore adducts of this kind may be good candidates for biological regulators—a matter of interest with regard to the protein-chromophore interaction in biliproteins.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Biliproteins ; 2,3-Dihydro-3-ethylidenedipyrrin-1(10H)-ones ; Nucleophilic Addition ; Crystal Structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Addition of benzylmercaptan to 2,3-dihydro-3-ethylidenedipyrrin-1(10H)-one (Z,Z)-3 was found to be a model reaction with regard to the thioether linkage of protein and chromophore in biliproteins. Isolation and characterization of the main product4 reveals the ethylidene double bond to be attacked first by thiol according to the principles of the acid catalysed nucleophilic addition.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Hypericin ; Pseudohypericin ; Force field calculations ; X-ray crystallography ; Tautomerism ; Interconversion barrier
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Stereochemie von Hypericin, Pseudohypericin und einigen seiner Partialstrukturmodelle wurde mit Hilfe einer von MM2 abgeleiteten Kraftfeldmethodik untersucht. In der komplizierten Energiehyperfläche wurde neben dem auch durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse gefundenen „Propeller“-Konformeren ein neues „Doppelschmetterling“-Konformer ähnlicher Stabilität aufgefunden. Die obere Grenze für die Interkonversionsbarrieren zwischen diesen Konformeren und ihren Enantiomeren sind in der Größenordnung von 115 kJ/mol. Aus1H-NMR-Experimenten konnte eine untere Grenze von wenigstens 80 kJ/mol abgeleitet werden. Es wurde gefunden, daß von den zehn prinzipiell möglichen Tautomeren die 7,14-Spezies die um wenigstens 48 kJ/mol stabilste ist.
    Notes: Summary Stereochemistry and tautomerism of hypericin, pseudohypericin, and several of their partial structure models were investigated using an MM2 derived force field method. Besides the “propeller” type conformer, which was also found by the X-ray crystallographic study, the complicated energy hypersurface was shown to contain a novel “double-butterfly” conformer of similar stability. The upper limit interconversion barrier between these conformers and their enantiomers was found to be in the order of 115 kJ/mol.1H-NMR experiments suggested a lower limit interconversion barrier of at least 80 kJ/mol. From the ten tautomers possible in principle, the 7,14-species was derived to be the most stable one by at least 48 kJ/mol.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Chemie 117 (1986), S. 1413-1422 
    ISSN: 1434-4475
    Keywords: Crystal structure of (15E)-2,3 dihydrobilatriene-abc ; Dihydrobilatriene-abc ; Phytochrome model compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the (15E)-configurated 2,3-dihydrobilatriene-abc2, representing a model compound for the active form of the phytochrome chromophore, was determined at room temperature and at 97 K. Compared to the crystal structure of the corresponding (15Z)-derivative1, the molecule of2 shows a similar helix conformation, but with considerably larger helix pitch. The azide hydrogen atoms are localized at the nitrogen atoms of rings A, C and D. The distribution of bond lengths and bond angles is compatible with previous crystal structures and with the canonical formula. Tautomeric form, conformation and crystal packing are understandable on the basis of the observed intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
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