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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geophysical Effects Associated with High-Altitude Explosions (1959)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 183 (1959), S. 358-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THE purpose of this communication is to indicate some geophysical effects which one would expect to be associated with high-altitude explosions of nuclear weapons or high-altitude chemical explosions. In addition to outlining the effects which one would anticipate seeing concurrent with ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/183358a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cosmic Rays and the Sunspot Cycle: A Large Cosmic-Ray Decrease accompanying the Solar Maximum of 1957 (1958)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 181 (1958), S. 1317-1319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A NUMBER of observations of the general cosmic -ray level at balloon-altitudes have been made which show a very large decrease in intensity during the spring and summer of 1957 compared with 1955 and 1956. The observations are of two types, the first made with a small Geiger-counter vertical ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1811317a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cosmic-Ray Intensity and Geomagnetism (1956)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 178 (1956), S. 1226-1227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IN a series of papers, E. and O. Thellier1 have measured the remnant magnetism of ancient bricks. By comparison of the original magnetic moment of a sample with the moment acquired by heating above the Curie point and cooling in the present Earths field under proper conditions, they have deduced ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/1781226a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron Echo Experiment: A New Magnetospheric Probe (1971)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 230 (1971), S. 564-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] This article describes a controlled method of investigating the trapping of particles in the Earth's magnetosphere. Instruments in the separated nose cone of a rocket have been used to detect electromagnetic radiation from electrons injected into the magnetosphere from the rocket and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/230564a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of energetic solar flare X-rays (1967)
    Springer
    Solar physics 2 (1967), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A new series of solar flare energetic X-ray events has been detected by an ionization chamber on the OGO-I and OGO-III satellites in free space. These X-rays lie in the range 10–50 keV, and a study has been made of their relationship to 3 and 10 cm radio bursts and with the emission of electrons and protons observed in space. The onset times, times of maximum intensity and total duration are very similar for the radio and X-ray emission. Also, the average decay is similar and usually follows an exponential type behavior. However, this good correlation applies most often to the ‘flash’ phase of flares, whereas subsequent surges of activity from the same eruption may produce microwave emission or further X-ray bursts not closely correlated. An approximate proportionality is found between the total energy content of the X-rays and of the 3 and 10 cm integrated radio fluxes. These measurements suggest that the X-ray and microwave emission have a common energizing process which determines the time profile of both. The recording of electrons greater than 40 keV by the Interplanetary Monitoring Probe (IMP satellite) has been found to correlate very well with flares producing X-ray and microwave emission provided the propagation path to the sun is favorable. There is evidence that the acceleration of solar protons may not be closely associated with the processes responsible for the production of microwaves, X-rays, and interplanetary electrons. The OGO ionization chamber responds to energies (10–50 keV) intermediate between the soft X-rays giving SID disturbances (1–10 keV) and energetic quanta previously measured with balloons (50–500 keV). Proposed source mechanisms should be capable of covering this range of energies including the most energetic quanta occasionally observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00155917
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An atlas of 10–50ke V solar flare X-rays and tentative atlas of solar proton events observed by the OGO-I and OGO-III ionization chambers (1969)
    Springer
    Solar physics 6 (1969), S. 151-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00146803
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations of energetic X-rays and solar cosmic rays associated with the 23 May 1967 solar flare event (1969)
    Springer
    Solar physics 6 (1969), S. 304-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract On 23 May 1967 energetic (10–50 keV) solar flare X-rays were observed by the OGO-III ion chamber during the period 1808–2100 UT. The time-intensity profile for the X-ray event showed three distinct peaks at ≈1810, 1841 and 1942 UT. The second peak, which is equivalent to ≈2.9 × 10−3 ergs cm−2sec−1 above 20 keV, is the largest X-ray burst observed so far by the OGO-I and OGO-III ion chambers. The soft (2–12 Å) X-ray observations reported by Van Allen (1968) also show similar peaks, roughly proportional in magnitude to the energetic X-ray peaks. However, the intensity of energetic X-rays peaked in each case 5–10 min earlier than the soft X-ray intensity indicating a relatively hard photon energy spectrum near the peak of the energetic X-ray emission. The corresponding time-intensity profile for the solar radio emission also showed three peaks in the microwave region nearly coincident with the energetic X-ray peaks. The third radio peak was relatively rich in the metric emission. Beyond this peak both the energetic X-rays and the microwave emission decayed with a time constant of ≈8 min while the corresponding time constant for the soft X-rays was ≈43 min. In view of the earlier findings about the energetic X-rays it is indicated that the 23 May solar X-ray event was similar to those observed earlier. During the 23 May event the integral energy flux spectrum at the time of peak intensity is found to be consistent with the form ∼e −E/E 0, E 0 being about 3.4 and 3.7 keV for the peaks at 1841 and 1942 UT, respectively. Assumption of a similar spectrum during the decay phase indicates that the spectral index E 0 decreased nearly exponentially with time. The OGO-III ion chamber, which is also sensitive to protons ⩾12 MeV, observed a solar particle event starting at ≈2100 UT on 23 May. It could not be determined uniquely which of the two principal X-ray peaks was associated with the particle event, and in fact both may have contributed. The particle intensity reached its maximum value at ≈1003 UT on 25 May 1967. The equivalent peak radiation dosage was ≈24 R/hour behind the 0.22 g cm−2 thick aluminum wall of the chamber. This peak radiation dosage was considerably smaller than the maximum dosage (≈60 R/hour) during the 2 September 1966 solar particle event, the largest event observed so far by the OGO-I and OGO-III satellites. The temporal relationship between the solar X-ray and particle events on 23 May 1967 was similar to that observed in the solar flare events on 7 July 1966, 28 August 1966 and 27 February 1967.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00150956
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An investigation of wave-particle interactions and particle dynamics using electron beams injected from sounding rockets (1974)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 15 (1974), S. 751-780 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Electrons with energy up to 40 kV have been injected into semi-trapped orbits from sounding rockets at Wallops Island, Virginia, and at Fort Churchill, Manitoba, Canada. By directing the rocket trajectory to have a horizontal component which in direction and speed matched the bounce displacement of the injected electrons, it was possible to detect conjugate echoes at Wallops and possibly at Churchill, and to study the distribution of the echoes in space, time and energy. By combining observations of many echoes, a composite picture can be obtained of the beam patterns. Atmospheric scattering at the conjugate point of Wallops island has been extensively studied, and the process produces a scale width of 5–10 m, but with an echo intensity which is only 10% of theoretical estimates. In the Wallops experiments, a doublet hump appeared in the echoes which is not understood. Models of the magnetic fields are used to predict the bounce displacement, and by comparison with the observations to evaluate other effects such as electric field drift integrated over a complete bounce period. Preliminary evaluation of the Churchill results indicate the presence of substantial residual effects, which may be electric field drifts. The artificial beam injection was observed to change natural electron precipitation in the 20–40 keV range. The process of rocket neutralization, beambeam interactions, and electromagnetic radiation from the beams has been studied and has been part of the Echo program.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00241060
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  • 9
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    Application of Čerenkov Radiation to the Cosmic-Ray Albedo Problem (1952)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1952-03-15
    Print ISSN: 0031-899X
    Electronic ISSN: 1536-6065
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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  • 10
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    Directional Intensity of Cosmic Rays at High Altitudes (1948)
    American Physical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1948-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-899X
    Electronic ISSN: 1536-6065
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society
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