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Monograph available for loan

Evaporites : A Geological Compendium (2016)

Warren, John K. [VerfasserIn]

Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London : Springer International Publishing

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Call number: 9/M 18.91497

Description / Table of Contents: Interpreting evaporite textures -- Depositional chemistry and hydrology -- Sabkhas, saline mudflats and pans -- Subaqueous salts: salinas and perennial lakes -- Ancient basins and stratigraphic evolution -- Flowing salt: Halokinesis -- Pointers to vanished evaporites: Karst, breccia, nodules and cement -- Hypersaline fluid evolution during burial and uplift -- Halotolerant life in feast or famine (a source of hydrocarbons and a fixer of metals) -- Hydrocarbons and evaporites -- Potash resources: Occurrences and controls -- Non-Potash Salts: Borates, Na-sulphates, Na-carbonate, lithium salts, gypsum, halite and zeolites -- Solution mining and salt cavern usage -- Meta-evaporites -- Lower temperature metals in evaporitic frameworks -- Magma-evaporite-hydrothermal metal associations

Description / Table of Contents: The monograph offers a comprehensive discussion of the role of evaporites in hydrocarbon generation and trapping, and new information on low temperature and high temperature ores. It also provides a wealth of information on exploitable salts, in a comprehensive volume has been assembled and organized to provide quick access to relevant information on all matters related to evaporites and associated brines. In addition, there are summaries of evaporite karst hazards, exploitative methods and problems that can arise in dealing with evaporites in conventional and solution mining. This second edition has been revised and extended, with three new chapters focusing on ore minerals in different temperature settings and a chapter on meta-evaporites. Written by a field specialist in research and exploration, the book presents a comprehensive overview of the realms of low- and high-temperature evaporite evolution. It is aimed at earth science professionals, sedimentologists, oil and gas explorers, mining geologists as well as environmental geologists

Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan

Pages: XVI, 1813 Seiten , Illustrationen, Grafiken

Edition: Second Edition

Edition: Online edition Springer eBook Collection. Earth and Environmental Science

ISBN: 9783319135113

Classification:

Geology

Language: English

Location: Upper compact magazine

Branch Library: GFZ Library

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Sedimentology, mineralogy and isotopic analysis of Pellet Lake, Coorong region, South Australia (1988)

ROSEN, MICHAEL R. ; MISER, DONALD E. ; WARREN, JOHN K.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Sedimentology 35 (1988), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3091

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Gravity cores of Holocene sediments from a shallow ephemeral lake in the Coorong region (Pellet Lake, southeastern coastal Australia) show a mineral assemblage and sequence particular to its hydrology. The mineralogical sequence above an initial dolomitic siliciclastic sand reflects conditions of increasing salinity in the lower portions of the core (i.e. organic-rich aragonite to magnesite + hydromagnesite + aragonite) followed by a relative decrease in salinity (i.e. magnesite + aragonite + hydromagnesite to aragonite + hydromagnesite) in the upper portions of the core. This sequence is capped by ˜ 0.4 m of micritic dolomite and minor amounts of hydromagnesite, with the relative abundance of dolomite increasing upwards. Three stratigraphically and spatially distinct dolomite units (upper, lower and margin) are recognized using stable carbon and oxygen isotope data, unit cell calculations and MgCO3 mole per cent data of the dolomite.Detailed X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of samples with more than 80% dolomite shows that the dolomite is ordered. Average unit cell parameters, calculated from the XRD patterns, indicate that the upper dolomite unit has crystal lattices expanded in the co direction (co= 16.09 Å) relative to ideal dolomite (co= 16.02 Å) and contracted in the ao direction (ao= 4.796 Å) relative to ideal dolomite (ao= 4.812 Å). The mol fraction of MgCO3 in the upper dolomite shows up to 4.0 ±M 2.0 mole per cent excess Mg in the dolomite crystal lattice (calculated from XRD). This unusual dolomite crystal chemistry is probably generated by rapid precipitation from solutions which have greatly elevated Mg/Ca ratios. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the upper dolomite has a heterogeneous microstructure which also suggests rapid precipitation from solution. The modulated microstructure found in calcium-rich dolomite is completely lacking. Dolomite ordering reflections are present in electron diffraction patterns, but are weak.Stable oxygen and carbon isotope values of the upper dolomite are tightly grouped (ave. δ18O ∼+ 7.55%o, δ13C ∼+ 4.10%o), yet show three upward-lightening oxygen cycles. The oxygen cycles correlate with three upward decreases in the calculated Mg content of the dolomite zone. These cycles may indicate the increased importance of rain-water dilution of the brine at times when the water in the lake was at its shallowest levels.Analyses of the lower dolomite and the margin dolomite suggest that these units precipitated more slowly from less evaporitic brines than the upper dolomite unit. The lower dolomite is close to stoichiometric, has less evaporitic stable isotope values than the upper dolomite, and has only a slightly expanded co-axis. The margin dolomite is Ca-rich, has a more homogeneous microstructure, and has expanded ao and co axes.The abundance of relatively soluble Mg-bearing phases, such as hydromagnesite and magnesite, may supply additional magnesium for the dolomitization of aragonite and calcite during subsequent diagenesis and burial of the sediment. This process may leave a finely laminated dolomicrite deposit which retains little, if any, evidence of evaporite minerals.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1988.tb00907.x

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Diagenetic origin of Basal Anhydrite in the Cretaceous Maha Sarakham salt: Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand (1998)

Tabakh, Mohamed El ; Schreiber, B. Charlotte ; Utha-Aroon, Cherdsak ; [et al.]

Oxford UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Sedimentology 45 (1998), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3091

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Development of a diagenetic anhydrite bed at the base of the Cretaceous Maha Sarakham Saline Formation (the `Basal Anhydrite' member) of the Khorat Plateau in north-eastern Thailand took place due to leaching and/or pressure dissolution of salt at the contact between an underlying active sandstone aquifer system and an overlying massive halite-dominated evaporite sequence. Basal evaporites composed of halite with intercalated anhydrite of the latter sequence are undergoing dissolution as a result of subsurface flushing, with anhydrite produced as the insoluble residue. The result is a 1·1 m thick interval of nodular anhydrite displaying unique, basin-wide continuity. Observed textures, petrographic features and chemical data from the anhydrite and associated authigenic minerals support the origin of the Basal Anhydrite Member as an accumulation residue from the dissolution of the Maha Sarakham salts. Petrographically, the anhydrite in this unit is made up of crystals that are blocky and recrystallized, sheared, generally elongated and broken, and is bounded at the bottom by organic-rich stylolite surfaces. Authigenic and euhedral dolomite and calcite crystals are associated with the anhydrite. Traces of pyrite, galena and chalcopyrite are present along the stylolite surfaces suggesting supply of fresh water from the underlying sandstone at highly reducing conditions of burial. The δ34S of sulphate in the Basal Anhydrite averages 15 ‰ (CDT) and falls within the isotopic composition of the anhydrite in the Cretaceous Maha Sarakham Formation proper and the Cretaceous values of marine evaporites. Measured δ18O in dolomite range from −4·37 to −14·26‰ (PDB) suggesting a re-equilibration of dolomite with basinal water depleted in 18O and possible recrystallization of dolomite under relatively elevated temperatures. The δ13C, however, varies from +1·57 to −2·53‰ (PDB) suggesting a contribution of carbon from oxidation of organic matter. This basal anhydrite bed, similar to basinwide beds found at the bottom of many giant evaporite sequences, has always been considered to be depositional. Here, at the base of the Maha Sarakham Formation, we demonstrate that the anhydrite is diagenetic in origin and was formed by accumulation of original anhydrite by dissolution of interbedded halite from waters circulating though the underlying aquifer: it represents an `upside-down' caprock.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.1998.00162.x

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The hydrological setting, occurrence and significance of gypsum in late Quaternary salt lakes in South Australia (1982)

WARREN, JOHN K.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Sedimentology 29 (1982), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3091

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Well exposed, often laminated gypsum sequences occur in many Quarternary salt lakes in southern South Australia. The gypsum in the salt lakes is classified by increasing grain size into gypsite, gypsarenite and selenite. The salt lakes are classified by age and hydrological setting into coastal salinas which are Holocene sea-water fed groundwater lakes, and continental playas which are late Pleistocene endorheic basins. A study of the relationships between coastal salina hydrology and the associated gypsum deposition has shown the different types of gypsum form under distinct hydrological regimes. As the hydrology above a coastal salina depositional surface changes through time so does the type of gypsum deposited. Application of a gypsum depositional model derived from a study of the coastal salina gypsum to those portions of a continental playa gypsum unit where deposition is no longer occurring confirms the applicability of the model to non-salina gypsum deposits.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1982.tb00071.x

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Halite saltern in the Canning Basin, Western Australia: a sedimentological analysis of drill core from the Ordovician-Silurian Mallowa Salt (1992)

CATHRO, DONNA L. ; WARREN, JOHN K. ; WILLIAMS, GEORGE E.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Sedimentology 39 (1992), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3091

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: The Late Ordovician-Early Silurian Mallowa Salt of the Carribuddy Group, Canning Basin, north-west Australia, is the largest halite deposit known in Australia, attaining thicknesses of 800 m or more within an area of approximately 200 000 km2. Study of 675 m of drill core from BHP-Utah Minerals’ Brooke No. 1 well in the Willara Sub-basin indicates that the Mallowa Salt accumulated within a saltern (dominantly subaqueous evaporite water body) that was subject to recurrent freshening, desiccation and exposure. Textures and bromine signatures imply a shallow water to ephemeral hypersaline environment typified by increasing salinity and shallowing into evaporitic mudflat conditions toward the top of halite-mudstone cycles (Type 2) and the less common dolomite/anhydrite-halite-mudstone cycles (Type 1). The borate mineral priceite occurs in the capping mudstones of some cycles, reinforcing the idea of an increasing continental influence toward the top of mudstone-capped halite cycles.The rock salt in both Type 1 and Type 2 cycles typically comprises a mosaic of large, randomly orientated, interlocking halite crystals that formed during early diagenesis. It only partially preserves a primary sedimentary fabric of vertically elongate crystals, some with remnant aligned chevrons. Intraformational hiati, halite karst tubes and solution pits attest to episodic dissolution. Stacked Type 2 cycles dominate; occasional major recharges of less saline, perhaps marine, waters in the same area produced Type I cycles.The envisaged saltern conditions were comparable in many ways to those prevailing during the deposition of halite cycles of the Permian Salado Formation in New Mexico and the Permian San Andres Formation of the Palo Duro Basin area in Texas. However, in the Canning Basin the cycles are characterized by a much lower proportion of anhydrite, implying perhaps a greater degree of continental restriction to the basin. The moderately high level of bromine in the Mallowa Salt (156·5 ± 43·5 ppm Br for primary halite, 146·1 ± 54·7 ppm Br for secondary halite) accords with evolved continental brines, although highly evaporative minerals such as polyhalite and magnesite are absent. The bromine levels suggest little or no dissolution/reprecipitation of primary halite and yet, paradoxically, there is little preservation of the primary depositional fabric. The preservation of early halite cements and replacement textures supports the idea of an early shutdown of brine flow paths, probably at burial depths of no more than a few metres, and the resultant preservation of primary bromine values in the secondary halite.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb01992.x

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The origin and significance of groundwater-seepage gypsum from Bristol Dry Lake, California, USA (1990)

ROSEN, MICHAEL R. ; WARREN, JOHN K.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Sedimentology 37 (1990), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3091

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences

Notes: Gypsum and anhydrite fabrics observed in trenches and deep (500 m) cores from Bristol Dry Lake, California, USA, exhibit a vertical alignment of crystals similar to the fabric seen in bottom-nucleated brine pond gypsum. However, geochemical and sedimentological evidence indicate that the gypsum formed in Bristol Dry Lake precipitated displacively within the sediment where groundwater saturated with respect to gypsum recharges around the playa margin (groundwater-seepage gypsum). Evidence for displacive growth of gypsum is: (i) the geometry of the deposit, (ii) stable isotopic data and the water chemistry of the brine, and (iii) inclusions of matrix which follow twin planes and completely surround crystals as they grow.The bulk of the gypsum precipitated in the playa occurs around the edges of the playa in the playamargin facies and completely rings the lake. Sulphate concentrations in the groundwater increase toward the gypsum zone in the playa margin. Basinward of this zone, sulphate concentrations decrease sharply to trace element levels in the basin centre brine. Authigenic gypsum is rare in the centre of the playa. Stable (δ18O values measured for gypsum waters of crystallization (GWC) are similar to the values calculated for groundwater in the playa margin and alluvial fan sediments (˜– 6%0), whereas measured brine δ18O values range from + 0·5 to + 3·7%0. Deuterium values measured for groundwater are ˜– 70%0, GWC are ˜– 60 to – 65%0 and brine values are ˜– 57%0. The geometry of the deposit and the chemical data suggest that the water precipitating the gypsum is more closely associated with the groundwater than the brine. However, some mixing between groundwater and brine is likely.Within 100 m of the surface, the gypsum dehydrates to anhydrite, although the same vertically aligned fabric is retained through the diagenetic process. The similarity of displacive vertically aligned gypsum and anhydrite fabrics seen in Bristol Dry Lake to subaqueously deposited gypsum in modern brine ponds indicates that the criteria used to define subaqueous fabrics must be better constrained.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1990.tb01840.x

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