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  • 1
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    Prenatal diagnosis of subchromosomal abnormalities [Medical Sciences] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-25
    Description: Noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using sequencing of fetal cell-free DNA from maternal plasma has enabled accurate prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidy and become increasingly accepted in clinical practice. We investigated whether NIPT using semiconductor sequencing platform (SSP) could reliably detect subchromosomal deletions/duplications in women carrying high-risk fetuses. We first showed that...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Numerical simulation and analysis of cavitation flows in a double suction centrifugal pump (2015)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-16
    Description: Cavitation is an unsteady phenomenon, which is nearly inevitable in pumps. It would degrade the pump performance, generate vibrations and noises, and even erode pump flow passage components. The double suction centrifugal pump at design flow rate and large flow rate is numerically simulated using the k-ω turbulence model and the mass transport cavitation model. As a result, the calculated variation of pump head with pump inlet pressure agreed well with the experimental data. The results demonstrate that the numerical model and method can accurately predict the cavitation flows in a double suction centrifugal pump. The cavitation characteristics are analysed in great details. In addition, based on the calculation results, the reason that the plunge of pump head curve is revealed. It is found that the steep fall of pump head happens when the cavity reaches the blade to blade throat and the micro-vortex group appears at the back of the blade suction side. At the same time, t...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 3
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    Dominant, toxic gain-of-function mutations in gars lead to non-cell autonomous neuropathology (2015)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-07
    Description: Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) neuropathies are collectively the most common hereditary neurological condition and a major health burden for society. Dominant mutations in the gene GARS , encoding the ubiquitous enzyme, glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS), cause peripheral nerve degeneration and lead to CMT disease type 2D. This genetic disorder exemplifies a recurring motif in neurodegeneration, whereby mutations in essential, widely expressed genes have selective deleterious consequences for the nervous system. Here, using novel Drosophila models, we show a potential solution to this phenomenon. Ubiquitous expression of mutant GlyRS leads to motor deficits, progressive neuromuscular junction (NMJ) denervation and pre-synaptic build-up of mutant GlyRS. Intriguingly, neuronal toxicity is, at least in part, non-cell autonomous, as expression of mutant GlyRS in mesoderm or muscle alone results in similar pathology. This mutant GlyRS toxic gain-of-function, which is WHEP domain-dependent, coincides with abnormal NMJ assembly, leading to synaptic degeneration, and, ultimately, reduced viability. Our findings suggest that mutant GlyRS gains access to ectopic sub-compartments of the motor neuron, providing a possible explanation for the selective neuropathology caused by mutations in a widely expressed gene.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Multi-instrument observations of soft electron precipitation and its association with magnetospheric flows (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-01
    Description: We present a multi-instrument study on the variations of optical auroras and ionospheric electron densities during an interval of a series of fast earthward flows in the magnetotail on 3 March 2009. The flow-related auroral signatures include intermittent higher-latitude (〉68° magnetic latitude) intensifications manifested in green and blue line auroras and more latitudinally extended red line auroral intensifications and expansions. During the same interval the Poker Flat incoherent scatter radar (PFISR) detected F region ionospheric electron density enhancements which, together with the red line auroral intensifications, give evidence for soft electron (
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 5
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    If substorm onset triggers tail reconnection, what triggers substorm onset? (2013)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-03
    Description: [1]  Despite the claim that tail reconnection triggers substorm onset, there is an abundance of cases wherein substorm onset triggers tail reconnection. In such cases, the first observable precursor to onset is a periodic rippling (beads) along an equatorward auroral arc. In this study, through an example, we show that substorms arising out of arcs of this type have the classical “inside-out” evolution, including the triggering of tail reconnection as a possible result. We then investigate what the magnetospheric mode underlying the ripples along the arcs might be. The classical MHD ballooning invoked by some substorm theories is inconsistent with the observation, which exhibits a finite azimuthal wavelength comparable to the local ion gyroradius and the propensity of onset to occur under moderately high (1–10) rather than extremely high plasma β. We show that the onset is due to a modified ballooning mode, subject to corrections by the General Ohm's Law and ion heat flux. The net result is that the necessary condition for the instability remains unchanged from the classical MHD, but the growth rate of the instability is heavily attenuated or quenched in the high β and short azimuthal wavelength limits. In the actual magnetosphere, the mode has a wavelength ∼1,500 km, growth timescale ∼10 s, and critical plasma beta in the 3–13 range, all consistent with observations.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Interaction of solar wind pressure pulses with the magnetosphere: IMF modulation and cavity mode (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-29
    Description: Energy transfer through the magnetopause involves an interplay of two processes. On one hand, microphysics of reconnection determines how easily the magnetopause can be opened. On the other hand, the global state of the solar wind and magnetosphere determines how much energy is available for transfer and whether there exist “resonant” interactions whereby the transfer is particularly efficient. In the case of solar wind pressure pulses, empirical evidence has suggested that the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction can become unusually intense, leading to large-scale global auroral response and occasionally geomagnetic storms. In this study, for the first time, magnetic reconnection and global magnetospheric oscillation known as the cavity mode are integrated to give a comprehensive description of energy transfer through the dayside magnetopause. Using a heuristic model in which the inflow into the magnetopause is proportional to the magnitude of pressure pulse and an IMF proxy, we derive the fractions of energy converted to reconnection and field-line resonance per unit incident compressional energy in a pressure pulse. It is found that the magnitude of energy transfer is modulated by the IMF proxy, whereas the frequency spectrum of the transfer is modulated by the cavity mode. Under extreme conditions, reconnection can transfer almost 100% of incident compressional energy at the maximum absorption bands. Even under the typical value reconnection rate (∼0.1), approximately 30% of the incident energy can be absorbed in these bands. The frequency response of reconnection transfer has pulse-like peaks in the 〉3 mHz range and rather insensitive to the solar wind and wave parameters. In contrast, the frequency response of the shear-Alfvénic transfer centers in the 1–4 mHz range and has a more broadband shape that is significantly influenced by the solar wind density.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Formation and disruption of current filaments in a flow-driven turbulent magnetosphere (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-03
    Description: Recent observations have established that the magnetosphere is a system of natural complexity. The coexistence of multiscale structures such as auroral arcs, turbulent convective flows, and scale-free distributions of energy perturbations has lacked a unified explanation, although there is strong reason to believe that they all stem from a common base of physics. In this paper we show that a slow but turbulent convection leads to the formation of multiscale current filaments reminiscent of auroral arcs. The process involves an interplay between random shuffling of field lines and dissipation of magnetic energy on sub-MHD scales. As the filament system reaches a critical level of complexity, local current disruption can trigger avalanches of energy release of varying sizes, leading to scale-free distributions over energy perturbation, power, and event duration. A long-term memory effect is observed whereby the filament system replicates itself after each avalanche. The results support the view that that the classical and inverse cascades operate simultaneously in the magnetosphere. In the former, the high Reynolds number plasma flow disintegrates into turbulence through successive breakdowns; in the latter, the interactions of small-scale flow eddies with the magnetic field can self-organize into elongated current filaments and large-scale energy avalanches mimicking the substorm.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 8
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    Interfacial stress transfer in a graphene nanosheet toughened hydroxyapatite composite (2014)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-24
    Description: In recent years, graphene has emerged as potential reinforcing nanofiller in the composites for structural engineering due to its extraordinary high elastic modulus and mechanical strength. As recognized, the transfer of stress from a low modulus matrix to a high-modulus reinforcing graphene and the interfacial behavior at a graphene-matrix interface is the fundamental issue in these composites. In the case of graphene nanosheet (GNS) reinforced hydroxyapatite (HA) composite, this research presented analytical models and simulated that the number of graphene layers of GNSs has little effect on the maximum axial stress (∼0.35 GPa) and the maximum shear stress (∼0.14 GPa) at a GNS-HA interface, and the energy dissipation by GNS pull-out decreases with increasing the number of graphene layers due to weak bonding between them. Also, GNS-HA interfacial delamination and/or GNS rupture were also indentified to be the two key failure mechanisms. The computed results are expected to facilitate a better understanding of the interfacial behavior at a GNS-ceramic interface and to achieve tough ceramics reinforced with GNSs.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 9
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    Thermosensory processing in the Drosophila brain (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-06
    Description: In Drosophila, just as in vertebrates, changes in external temperature are encoded by bidirectional opponent thermoreceptor cells: some cells are excited by warming and inhibited by cooling, whereas others are excited by cooling and inhibited by warming. The central circuits that process these signals are not understood. In Drosophila, a specific brain region receives input from thermoreceptor cells. Here we show that distinct genetically identified projection neurons (PNs) in this brain region are excited by cooling, warming, or both. The PNs excited by cooling receive mainly feed-forward excitation from cool thermoreceptors. In contrast, the PNs excited by warming ('warm-PNs') receive both excitation from warm thermoreceptors and crossover inhibition from cool thermoreceptors through inhibitory interneurons. Notably, this crossover inhibition elicits warming-evoked excitation, because warming suppresses tonic activity in cool thermoreceptors. This in turn disinhibits warm-PNs and sums with feed-forward excitation evoked by warming. Crossover inhibition could cancel non-thermal activity (noise) that is positively correlated among warm and cool thermoreceptor cells, while reinforcing thermal activity which is anti-correlated. Our results show how central circuits can combine signals from bidirectional opponent neurons to construct sensitive and robust neural codes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Wendy W -- Mazor, Ofer -- Wilson, Rachel I -- R01 DC008174/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Mar 19;519(7543):353-7. doi: 10.1038/nature14170. Epub 2015 Mar 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; 1] Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA [2] Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25739502" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*cytology/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/cytology/*physiology ; Female ; Interneurons/physiology ; *Temperature ; Thermoreceptors/*physiology ; Thermosensing/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 10
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    If substorm onset triggers tail reconnection, what triggers substorm onset? (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-11-28
    Description: Despite the claim that tail reconnection triggers substorm onset, there is an abundance of cases wherein substorm onset triggers tail reconnection. In such cases, the first observable precursor to onset is a periodic rippling (beads) along an equatorward auroral arc. In this study, through an example, we show that substorms arising out of arcs of this type have the classical “inside-out” evolution, including the triggering of tail reconnection as a possible result. We then investigate what the magnetospheric mode underlying the ripples along the arcs might be. The classical MHD ballooning invoked by some substorm theories is inconsistent with the observation, which exhibits a finite azimuthal wavelength comparable to the local ion gyroradius and the propensity of onset to occur under moderately high (1–10) rather than extremely high plasma β. We show that the onset is due to a modified ballooning mode, subject to corrections by the General Ohm's Law and ion heat flux. The net result is that the necessary condition for the instability remains unchanged from the classical MHD, but the growth rate of the instability is heavily attenuated or quenched in the high β and short azimuthal wavelength limits. In the actual magnetosphere, the mode has a wavelength ∼1,500 km, growth timescale ∼10 s, and critical plasma beta in the 3–13 range, all consistent with observations.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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