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  • 1
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1982-09-03
    Description: Increases with aging in subperiosteal dimensions and second moments of area (measures of bending and torsional rigidity) in femoral and tibial cross sections are documented in an archeological sample from the American Southwest. Significant differences between cross-sectional sites and between sexes in the pattern of cortical remodeling with age are also present. These differences appear to be related to variations in the stress or strain levels in different regions of the femur and tibia which result from in vivo mechanical loadings of the lower limb.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ruff, C B -- Hayes, W C -- AM00749/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- AM26740/AM/NIADDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Sep 3;217(4563):945-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7112107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Aging ; Bone Development ; Female ; Femur/*physiology ; Fractures, Bone/etiology ; Growth ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Periosteum/*physiology ; Physical Exertion ; Sex Characteristics ; Stress, Mechanical ; Tibia/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Hip fractures ; Femoral strength ; Rate sensitivity ; Aging ; Dual X-Ray absorptiometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results from previous quasi-static mechanical tests indicate that femurs from elderly subjects fail in vitro at forces 50% below those available in a fall from standing height. However, bone is a rate-dependent material, and it is not known whether this imbalance is present at rates of loading which occur in a fall. Based on recent data on time to peak force and body positions at impact during simulated falls, we designed a high rate test of the femur in a loading configuration meant to represent a fall on the hip. We used elderly (mean age 73.5±7.4 (SD) years) and younger adult (32.7±12.8 years) cadaveric femurs to investigate whether (1) the strength, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity of the femur increases under high rate loading conditions; (2) elderly femurs have reduced strength, stiffness, and energy absorption capacity compared with younger adult femurs at this loading rate; and (3) densitometric and geometric measures taken at the hip correlate with the measured fracture loads. Femurs were scanned using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and then tested to failure in a fall loading configuration at a displacement rate of 100 mm/second. The fracture load in elderly and younger adult femurs increased by about 20% with a 50-fold increase in displacement rate. However, energy absorption did not increase with displacement rate because of a twofold increase in stiffness at the higher loading rate. Age-related differences in strength and energy absorption capacity were consistent with those found previously for a displacement rate of 2 mm/second. There were moderate to strong correlations between fracture load and DXA variables, with the best correlation provided by cross-sectional area (r2=0.77) and bone mineral density (BMD) (r2=0.72) at the femoral neck. Our results indicate that, even at rates of loading applied during a fall, the estimated impact force in a fall on the hip is 35% greater than the average fracture load of the elderly femur. Moreover, the relationship we found between femoral neck BMD and fracture load indicates that an increase in femoral neck BMD of more than 20% would be required to raise the strength of the femur to the level of the impact load. As clinical trials of pharmacologic interventions have demonstrated increases in BMD of only a few percent at best, our results emphasize the continuing need for intervention strategies that focus on fall prevention and on reducing the severity of those falls that do occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 63 (1998), S. 67-73 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Trabecular bone — Bone mineral density — Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry — Anisotropy — Mechanical properties.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of structural organization on the relationship between clinically assessed bone mineral density (BMD) and strength of trabecular bone. Accurate assessment of bone strength or fracture risk is a critical need as the population ages and the incidence of fractures increases. While ex vivo tests have demonstrated that BMD measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) correlates with failure load of whole bones, it is also known that the strength of trabecular bone cannot be explained by density alone. Cylindrical cores of bovine trabecular bone, harvested in a variety of orientations, were scanned with DXA to determine density, assessed with micro-MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) to measure orientation, and then loaded them to failure in bending. Measures of trabecular architecture included the angle between the specimen longitudinal (Z) axis and the principal material axis, the maximum mean intercept length (MILmax), the mean intercept length in the specimen primary axis (MILz), the degree of anisotropy, and the ratio between MILz and the length of the principal material axis. MILz was strongly associated with failure stress (r2= 0.85, P 〈 0.001). BMD was also moderately associated with failure stress (r2= 0.44, P= 0.004). Using a stepwise linear multiple regression analysis, the strongest predictor of failure stress was a combination of BMD, angle, and MILz (R2= 0.91). When only longitudinal specimens were analyzed, the strongest predictor of failure stress was a combination of BMD and angle (R2= 0.95). Therefore, trabecular orientation plays a significant and important role in failure of trabecular bone. Accounting for this may improve the associations between DXA-based density measures and patient fractures.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 53 (1993), S. S14 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Stereology ; Morphology ; Osteoporosis ; Vertebral body
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Osteoporotic compression fractures of the spine differ from most other age-related fractures in that they usually are associated with minimal trauma and with loads no greater than those encountered during normal activities of daily living. With aging and osteoporosis, there is progressive resorption of bone, resulting in reductions in bone density, thinning of trabeculae, and loss of trabecular contiguity. These changes in trabecular bone structure are associated with losses in bone strength which are disproportionate to the reductions in bone mass alone. To explain this disproportionate loss of bone strength, the prevailing opinion is that density reductions in the vertebral centrum are accompanied by a reduction in the number of trabeculae, by preferential resorption of horizontal trabeculae, and by hypertrophy of the remaining vertical trabeculae. To evaluate this view of vertebral morphology, we performed three-dimensional stereological analysis of trabecular bone extracted from midsagittal sections of first lumbar vertebral bodies from 12 donors spanning an age of 27–81 years. We found that both the number (R2 = 0.63,P 〈 0.01) and thickness (R2 = 0.91,P 〈 0.01) of trabeculae decreased linearly with density (as expressed by bone volume fraction) whereas the spacing between the trabeculae (R2 = 0.61,P 〈 0.01) increased reciprocally. There were more vertical trabeculae with transverse trabeculae at all densities, and the number of vertical trabeculae changed with density at twice the rate of the number of transverse trabeculae (P 〈 0.001). These data do not support the prevailing view that there is preferential resorption of horizontal trabeculae or hypertrophy of the remaining vertical trabeculae. Bone density was also a strong (R2 = 0.90,P 〈 0.01) power law function of the ratio of trabecular thickness to mean intertrabecular spacing. From buckling theory, the critical buckling load of a trabecula is related to this ratio of trabecular thickness to effective length. The changes in trabecular morphology observed with decreasing bone density thus pose a “triple threat” to the strength and stability of vertebral trabecular bone, as not only are there fewer trabeculae, but the remaining trabeculae are both thinner and longer.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 99-103 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcaneal ultrasound ; Bone mineral density ; Femoral strength ; Hip fracture ; Osteoporosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We assessed the bone mineral density (BMD) of 16 matched sets of cadaveric proximal femurs and feet using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We also estimated the femoral neck length from the DXA scans. Quantitative ultrasound densitometry was used to measure the velocity of sound and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) in the calcaneus of each foot. The proximal femurs were then tested to failure in a loading configuration designed to simulate a fall with impact to the greater trochanter. Femoral neck BMD and trochanteric BMD were strongly associated with the femoral failure load (r2=0.79 and 0.81, respectively; P〈0.001), whereas femoral neck length was modestly correlated with femoral failure load (r2=0.27, P=0.04). Calcaneal BMD (r2=0.63, P〈0.001) and BUA (r2=0.51, P=0.002) were also significantly associated with femoral failure load. Given the small sample size, we were unable to detect differences in the strength of the correlations between the independent parameters and femoral failure load. Using linear multiple regression analyses, the strongest predictor of femoral failure load was a combination of femoral neck BMD and femoral neck length (R2=0.85, P〈0.001). Thus, it appears that both femoral and calcaneal bone mineral properties may be useful for identifying those persons at greatest risk for hip fracture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 56 (1995), S. 305-310 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Ovariectomy ; Oral bone loss ; Biomechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Although osteoporosis is a major public health concern, the effect of this condition on oral bone has not been determined. Using the ovariectomized rat, we tried to determine if estrogen depletion and aging affect the mandible of the rat. Sixty-one ovariectomized (ovx) and shamoperated (sham) 6-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided equally into six groups. The baseline, adult, and old rats were euthanized 14, 114, 200 days post-ovx, respectively. The bone mineral density of the mandible was measured using high resolution dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The failure load and stiffness of the mandible were measured in three-point bending. The bone area fraction and area moment of inertia of digitized images of mandible sections were measured using image analyzing software. In adult rats, ovx led to a 15% and 28% increase in failure load and stiffness, respectively, but no change in bone area fraction or bone mineral density. In the old rats, ovx led to an 8% decrease in bone area fraction, but no change in failure load, stiffness, or bone mineral density of the mandible. In the ovx rats, aging led to a 20% and 7% decrease in stiffness and bone area fraction of the mandibles in the old rats compared with that in the adult rats. In the adult ovx rats, the increase in structural properties of the mandible may be a consequence of an increase in masticatory function as it has been reported that ovx rats eat approximately 10% more than sham controls. Overall, ovx led to a decrease in bone area fraction in the mandible and a decrease in bone area fraction and stiffness in the mandible of the aging rat. These findings indicate that in this model, estrogen depletion affects the mandible and may contribute to oral bone loss and that this loss may be accentuated with aging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 24 (1977), S. 65-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Strength ; Tension ; Microstructure ; Osteon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Standardized human and beef femoral compact bone specimens were tested in tensile impact and the dynamic mechanical properties were determined. The microstructure of 45 beef and 47 human bone specimens were examined histologically to determine if there is a structural basis to account for strength differences in the bone samples. Strong negative correlations were obtained between the maximum stress and the percentage area of secondary osteons in each specimen. For human bone samples, the energy absorption capacity and the modulus of elasticity were also found to have strong negative correlations with the percentage area of secondary osteons present in each specimen. Linear regression equations were obtained describing the impact strength properties in terms of the percentage areas of secondary osteons and cavities in the samples. Fracture surfaces of the tested bone specimens were examined in a scanning electron microscope. Most surfaces exhibited a fairly rough texture indicating a quasi-cleavage type of failure. Fractographic analysis of bone fracture surface was helpful in understanding the micromechanics of bone fracture.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 14 (1976), S. 671-680 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Compact bone ; Energy-absorption capacity ; Microstructure ; Modulus of elasticity ; Nonelastic deformation ; Strain rate ; Ultimate tensile strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Des essais de traction suivant un seul axe ont été effectués sur des spécimens longitudinaux, standardisés d'os bovin compact sous des taux de contraintes de 5,3×10−4 à 237s−1. Après les essais on a déterminé la microstructure et la densité à sec de chaque échantillon. Les résultats d'essai ont montré des corrélations positives fort significatives (P〈0,01) entre la résistance de rupture et le taux de contrainte, et entre la résistance de rupture et la densité. On a trouvé également une corrélation négative fort significative entre la résistance de rupture et le degré de transformation haversienne secondaire. Le module d'élasticité a montré des corrélations similaires avec les paramètres d'essai. Une analyse par rebroussement linéaire multiple a été pratiquée pour faire des équations de la résistance à la rupture et du module en fonction du taux de contrainte et de la microstructure. Les analyses par rebroussement ont expliqué 86% de la variation de résistance et 50% de la variation du module. On a trouvé une corrélation négative significative (P〈0,01) entre le degré de transformation haversienne secondaire et la capacité d'absorption d'énergie. Le taux de contrainte a eu également un effet significatif sur la capacité d'absorption d'énergie. Les échantillons soumis à des taux de contrainte plus élevés ont généralement absorbé plus d'énergie lors de leur défaillance. Les essais ne font pas ressortir une vitesse critique où la capacité d'absorption d'énergie atteint sa valeur maximum. Les résultats d'essai correspondent bien aux études antérieures des propriétés mécaniques des os compacts.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einachsige Zugversuche wurden an standardisierten Längsproben von Rinderknochenrinde bei Beanspruchungen von 5, 3×10−4 bis 237 s−1 vorgenommen. Nach der Prüfung wurden Mikrostruktur und Trockendichte jeder Probe festgestellt. Die Prüfergebnisse zeigten hochgradig bedeutende (P〈0,01) positive Wechselbeziehungen zwischen der endgültigen Festigkeit und der Beanspruchung und zwischen endgültiger Festigkeit und Dichte. Eine hochgradig bedeutende negative Wechselbeziehung zwischen endgültiger Festigkeit und dem Ausmaß der sekundären Haversschen Umwandlung wurde ebenfalls festgestellt. Das Elastizitätsmodul zeigte ähnliche Wechselbeziehungen mit den Testparametern. Eine mehrfache lineare Regressionsanalyse wurde verwendet, um Gleichungen für die Reißfestigkeit und das Modul als Funktionen von Beanspruchung und Mikrostruktur abzuleiten. Durch die Regressionsanalysen wurden 86% der Festigkeitsvarianz und 50% der Modulvarianz bestimmt. Das Ausmaß der sekundären Haversschen Umwandlung zeigte eine bedeutende (P〈0,01) negative Wechselbeziehung mit der Energie absorptionskapazität. Die Beanspruchung hatte auch einen bedeutenden Einfluß auf die Energieabsorptionskapazität. Proben, die unter höherer Beanspruchung geprüft wurden, absorbierten im allgemeinen mehr Energie während des Versagens. Es lag kein Beweis für eine kritische Geschwindigkeit vor, bei der die Energieabsorptionskapazität einen Maximalwert erreichte. Die Prüfergebnisse lassen sich gut zu früheren Untersuchungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften der Knochenrinde in Bezug setzen.
    Notes: Abstract Uniaxial tensile tests were performed on standardised longitudinal specimens of bovine compact bone at strain rates from 5·3×10−4 to 237 s−1. After testing, the microstructure and dry density of each specimen was determined. The test results demonstrated highly significant (P〈0·01) positive correlations between ultimate strength and strain rate, and between ultimate strength and density. A highly significant negative correlation between ultimate strength and the extent of secondary Haversian remodelling was also found. The modulus of elasticity showed similar correlations with the test parameters. A multiple linear-regression analysis was used to derive equations for the ultimate strength and modulus as functions of strain rate and microstructure. The regression analyses accounted for 86% of the variance in strength and 50% of the variance in modulus. The extent of secondary Haversian remodelling showed a significant (P〈0·01) negative correlation with the energy-absorption capacity. Strain rate also had a significant effect on the energy-absorption capacity. Specimens tested at higher strain rates generally absorbed more energy during failure. There was no evidence of a critical velocity at which the energy absorption capacity attained a maximum. The test results correlate well with previous studies of the mechanical properties of compact bone.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 13 (1985), S. 473-473 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental mechanics 14 (1974), S. 473-478 
    ISSN: 1741-2765
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An instrumented pendulum-type impact tester was used to obtain tensile-impact properties for compact bone. Load-time histories throughout impact were recorded. Impact tests on 50 longitudinally oriented fresh-beef-bone samples yielded a proportional limit of 9.6±4.1 ksi (66.2±28.2 MPa), an ultimate stress of 17.6±5.3 ksi (121.3±36.5 MPa) and an energy-absorption capacity of 142±85 in. Ib/in.2 (24900±14900 J/m2). A static tensile strength of 14.7±2.8 ksi (101±19 MPa) was obtained from static testing of 24 additional specimens. The tensile-impact strength was 20 percent higher than the static strength. Statistically significant correlations between elastic properties, impact strength and impact energy were found. Bone microstructure and fracture-surface topography were also examined.
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