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  • 1
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    Genomic Analysis of European Drosophila melanogaster Populations Reveals Longitudinal Structure, Continent-Wide Selection, and Previously Unknown DNA Viruses (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-15
    Description: Genetic variation is the fuel of evolution, with standing genetic variation especially important for short-term evolution and local adaptation. To date, studies of spatiotemporal patterns of genetic variation in natural populations have been challenging, as comprehensive sampling is logistically difficult, and sequencing of entire populations costly. Here, we address these issues using a collaborative approach, sequencing 48 pooled population samples from 32 locations, and perform the first continent-wide genomic analysis of genetic variation in European Drosophila melanogaster. Our analyses uncover longitudinal population structure, provide evidence for continent-wide selective sweeps, identify candidate genes for local climate adaptation, and document clines in chromosomal inversion and transposable element frequencies. We also characterize variation among populations in the composition of the fly microbiome, and identify five new DNA viruses in our samples.
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accumulation of Transposable Elements in the Heterochromatin and on the Y Chromosome of Drosophila simulans and Drosophila melanogaster (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 46 (1998), S. 661-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Key words: Transposable elements —Drosophila melanogaster—D. simulans— Heterochromatin — Y chromosome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. The elements of the transposon families G, copia, mdg 1, 412, and gypsy that are located in the heterochromatin and on the Y chromosome have been identified by the Southern blotting technique in Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster populations. Within species, the abundance of such elements differs between transposon families. Between species, the abundance in the heterochromatin and on the Y chromosome of the elements of the same family can differ greatly suggesting that differences within a species are unrelated to structural features of elements. By shedding some new light on the mechanism of accumulation of transposable elements in the heterochromatin, these data appear relevant to the understanding of the long-term interaction between transposable elements and the host genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00006346
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics Junk DNA as an evolutionary force (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 443 (2006), S. 521-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ...Transposable elements (TEs) — commonly called 'jumping genes' — are stretches of DNA that move around the genome of a cell, and the genomes of many higher organisms are cluttered with numerous copies of these enigmatic elements. They were discovered by Barbara McClintock in the 1950s ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/443521a
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A framework physical map of Drosophila virilis based on P1 clones: applications in genome evolution (1997)
    Springer
    Chromosoma 106 (1997), S. 99-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0886
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The analysis of patterns of genome evolution may help to evaluate the evolutionary forces that shape the composition and organization of the genome. Comparisons between the physical maps of divergent species can be used to identify conserved blocks of closely linked genes whose synteny is possibly under selective constraint. We have used in situ hybridization to determine the genomic position of 732 randomly selected clones from a bacteriophage P1 library of Drosophila virilis. The resulting map includes at least one clone in each of 69% of the subdivisions into which the D. virilis polytene chromosomes are divided. A subset of these clones was used to carry out a comparative physical analysis of chromosome 2 from D. virilis and from Drosophila montana. A number of discrepancies with the classical scenario of chromosome evolution were noted. The D. virilis P1 clones were also used to determine the physical relations between ten genes that are located in the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster between the markers crn (2F1) and omb (4C5-6). In this region, which is approximately 2 Mb in length, there have been at least six breakpoints since the divergence of the species, and six of the genes are found at widely scattered locations in the D. virilis X chromosome. However, a block of four functionally unrelated genes, including white, roughest, Notch, and dunce, seems to be conserved between the two species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004120050229
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maintenance of transposable element copy number in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans (1997)
    Springer
    Genetica 100 (1997), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: transposable elements ; populations ; Drosophila ; copy number regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the main forces controlling the containment of transposable elements (TE) in natural populations, we analyzed the copia, mdg1, and 412 elements in various populations of Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans. A lower proportion of insertion sites on the X chromosome in comparison with the autosomes suggests that selection against the detrimental effects of TE insertions is the major force containing TE copies in populations of Drosophila. This selection effect hypothesis is strengthened by the absence of the negative correlation between recombination rate and TE copy number along the chromosomes, which was expected under the alternative ectopic exchange model (selection against the deleterious rearrangements promoted by recombination between TE insertions). A cline in 412 copy number in relation to latitude was observed among the natural populations of D. simulans, with very high numbers existing in some local populations (around 60 copies in a sample from Canberra, Australia). An apparent absence of selection effects in this Canberra sample and a value of transposition rate equal to 1–2 × 10-3 whatever the population and its copy number agree with the idea of recent but temporarily drastic TE movements in local populations. The high values of transposition rate in D. simulans clearly disfavor the hypothesis that the low amount of transposable elements in this species could result from a low transposition rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018329528314
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transposable elements and genome evolution: the case of Drosophila simulans (1999)
    Springer
    Genetica 107 (1999), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: colonization ; Drosophila ; dynamic ; natural populations ; transposable elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Drosophila simulans presents a large variation in copy number among various transposable elements (TEs) and among natural populations for a given element. Some elements such as HMS beagle, blood, flea, tirant, coral, prygun jockey, F, nomade and mariner are absent in most populations, except in one or two which have copies on their chromosome arms. This suggests that some TEs are being awakened in D. simulans and are in the process of invading the species while it is colonizing the world. The elements 412 and roo/B104 present a wide insertion polymorphism among D. simulans populations, but only the 412 copy number follows a temperature cline. One population (Canberra from Australia) has a very high copy number for the 412 element and for many other TEs as well, indicating that some populations may have lost control of some of their TEs. While the 412 transposition rate is similar in all populations, its transcription level throughout developmental stages varies with populations, depending on copy number. Populations with 412 copy number higher than 10–12 exhibit co-suppression, while the expression in populations with lower numbers depends on the insertion location. All these results suggest genomic invasions by 412 and other TEs during the worldwide spread of the D. simulans species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003937603230
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  • 7
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    Selenium-Containing Chrysin and Quercetin Derivatives: Attractive Scaffolds for Cancer Therapy (2015)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-08
    Description: Journal of Medicinal Chemistry DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00230
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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  • 8
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    Water source partitioning among plant functional types in a semi‐arid dune ecosystem (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Abstract Question(s) The aim of this work was to characterize the main water sources used by the woody plant community of a semi‐arid coastal dune ecosystem. We ask: Do the seasonal water sources used by plants differ between functional types? Does the seasonal drought promote shifts towards deeper soil layers in all plants? Does greater use of deep soil water enables the maintenance of a more favorable plant water status? Do water‐sources‐use strategies mirror overall drought strategies? Location Semi‐arid coastal dune system in Doñana Biological Reserve, southwest Spain. Methods We analyzed the oxygen isotope composition of xylem water of fourteen coexisting woody species and compared it to water sources (soil water at different depths, rain and groundwater), both in spring and dry summer. Bayesian isotope mixing models were used to estimate the proportion of each water source used by plants. We tested the influence of different (categorical) traits on plants’ water‐source‐use. We evaluated the relationships between the use of deep soil water and ecophysiological parameters related to water economy (leaf δ13C and reflectance water‐index). Results A greater similarity between species was found in periods of higher water availability (spring). Contrastingly, during the dry period the traits considered showed a significant effect on the water sources used and a high inter‐specific differentiation was observed. Accordingly, species clustered in five water‐use functional groups, exploring water from shallower to deeper soil layers. Greater use of deep soil layers in the dry season was linked to a better seasonal maintenance of plant water status. Conclusions Coexisting plant functional types segregated along a spectrum of water‐source‐use under extremely dry conditions, evidencing great soil water partitioning. Relevant seasonal water‐use shifts towards deeper soil layers were observed, but not in all species. Furthermore, we confirmed that the water‐source‐use behavior accompanied broader strategies of drought resistance.
    Print ISSN: 1100-9233
    Electronic ISSN: 1654-1103
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley on behalf of The International Association for Vegetation Science (IAVS).
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  • 9
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    Groundwater drawdown drives ecophysiological adjustments of woody vegetation in a semi‐arid coastal ecosystem (2018)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: Abstract Predicted droughts and anthropogenic water use will increase groundwater lowering rates and intensify groundwater limitation, particularly for Mediterranean semi‐arid ecosystems. These hydrological changes may be expected to elicit differential functional responses of vegetation either belowground or aboveground. Yet, our ability to predict the impacts of groundwater changes on these ecosystems is still poor. Thus, we sought to better understand the impact of falling water table on the physiology of woody vegetation. We specifically ask (a) how is woody vegetation ecophysiological performance affected by water table depth during the dry season? and (b) does the vegetation response to increasing depth to groundwater differ among water‐use functional types? We examined a suite of physiological parameters and water‐uptake depths of the dominant, functionally distinct woody vegetation along a water‐table depth gradient in a Mediterranean semi‐arid coastal ecosystem that is currently experiencing anthropogenic groundwater extraction pressure. We found that groundwater drawdown did negatively affect the ecophysiological performance of the woody vegetation. Across all studied environmental factors, depth to groundwater was the most important driver of ecophysiological adjustments. Plant functional types, independent of groundwater dependence, showed consistent declines in water content and generally reduced C and N acquisition with increasing depths to groundwater. Functional types showed distinct operating physiological ranges, but common physiological sensitivity to greater water table depth. Thus, although differences in water‐source use exist, a physiological convergence appeared to happen among different functional types. These results strongly suggest that hydrological drought has an important impact on fundamental physiological processes, constraining the performance of woody vegetation under semi‐arid conditions. By disentangling the functional responses and vulnerability of woody vegetation to groundwater limitation, our study establishes the basis for predicting the physiological responses of woody vegetation in semi‐arid coastal ecosystems to groundwater drawdown.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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    Evaluating Sources of PAHs in Urban Streams Based on Land Use and Biomonitors (2011)
    American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-17
    Description: Environmental Science & Technology DOI: 10.1021/es1036332
    Print ISSN: 0013-936X
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5851
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by American Chemical Society (ACS)
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