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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 8 (1975), S. 141-153 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé A l'aide d'une thermobalance, on a étudié la dégradation de l'acétate de polyvinyle en milieu dynamique d'Hélium et ce jusqu'à 400°. Les produits volatils obtenus furent analysés à l'aide d'un chromatographe. Il s'est avéré que le produit principal (soit 90 à 95%) de la dégradation est de l'acide acétique. Des mesures cinétiques ont démontré que le taux et l'ordre de la dégradation sont différents pour les échantillons étudiés et dépendent de la polydispersité. Ceci est en accord avec les résultats de Grassie [2, 3] mais à l'encontre des résultats obtenus par Servotte et al. [1]. Cette dépendance de la dégradation sur la polydispersité est vérifiée par l'approche probabilistique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer Thermowaage wurde die Zersetzung von Polyvinylacetat im dynamischen Medium von Helium bis zu 400° untersucht. Die erhaltenen flüchtigen Produkte wurden in einem Chromatographen analysiert, wobei sich Essigsäure als Hauptprodukt (90 bis 95 %) der Zersetzung erwies. Die kinetischen Messungen zeigten, daß der Grad und die Ordnung der Zersetzung für die untersuchten Proben verschieden sind und von der Polydispersität bedingt werden. Dies stimmt mit den Ergebnissen von Grassie [2, 3] überein, widerspricht aber denen von Servotte et al. [1]. Diese Abhängigkeit der Zersetzung von der Polydispersität wird durch eine Wahrscheinlichkeits-Annäherung bestätigt.
    Notes: Abstract The thermal degradation of poly(vinyl acetate) was investigated under dynamic atmosphere of helium up to 400° with a thermobalance. The volatile products were analyzed by a gas chromatograph. Acetic acid proved to be the main component of the volatile products (90 to 95%). Kinetic measurements of numerous samples obtained showed that the rates and orders of the degradation were different for all the samples and depended on their internal structures (the polydispersity). This is contrary to data published by A. Servotte et al. [1] and agreed with N. Grassie [2, 3]. This dependence of the degradation on the internal structures of the samples is latter verified by a probabilistic approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 20 (1982), S. 795-810 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Isothermal emulsion polymerization at 60°C of styrene in a batch reactor were studied by using sodium lauryl sulfate as surfactant and potassium persulfate as initiator source. The concentrations of surfactant and initiator were varied during the runs. The polymerization evolution was followed as samples were taken at regular intervals. These emulsion samples were analyzed for monomer conversion, rate of polymerization, as well as for the size and the size distribution of the particles. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution were obtained by gel permeation chromatography. Our study showed that fresh nucleation takes place even at high conversion, causing a continuous shifting toward broadening of particle size distribution. Contrary to the theory of Smith and Ewart, which assumes a constant number of particles during interval II of the polymerization reaction, our digital simulation of the reaction presents better experimental results with a variable number of particles, and indicates that the Hui-Hamielec model for termination constant kt as function of conversion is not applicable under our working conditions.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 20 (1982), S. 811-815 
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The emulsion polymerization of styrene initiated by potassium persulfate catalyzed by Ag(I) and/or ferrous ions Fe (II) was studied. It was found that silver ions in conjunction with potassium persulfate accelerate the polymerization of styrene. Ferrous ions reduce the polymerization rate by termination reaction with primary radicals. Both silver ions and ferrous ions act as transfer agents with the result of lowering of the average molecular weight of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 3145-3161 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A semicontinuous emulsion process was used to polymerize vinyl acetate. The parameters studied were the rate of addition of the various ingredients. The polymerization evolution was followed as samples were taken at regular intervals. These emulsion samples were analyzed for monomer conversion, rate of polymerization as well as for the size and the size distribution of the particles. The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution were obtained by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Our study showed that the total surface of the particles is an important factor, that the reaction mechanism follows Krackeler's and Wessling's theory, and that the Smith-Ewart ideal case does not apply here.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 10 (1972), S. 1097-1108 
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mechanism of thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) has been studied by pyrolysis up to 400°C in a thermobalance under four kinds of dynamic atmospheres: helium, oxygen, air, and hydrogen chloride. The gaseous product from the thermobalance was analyzed for hydrogen chloride by the argentometric determination of chloride ions by using Mohr's method. An attempt was made to analyze for other gases in the product stream by chromatography with the use of a glass column, but failed due to the accumulation irreversibly of hydrogen chloride on the column. The molecular weights of the samples were determined by measurements of viscosities at 25°C in cyclohexanone; their molecular weight distributions were studied by fractionation and gelpermeation chromatography (GPC). From the thermograms, the mechanism of degradation in different heating atmospheres, the rate, the heat effect, the energy of activation, and the order of decomposition were deduced.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2009-07-02
    Description: The simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen is a potent oncogene able to transform many cell types and has been implicated in leukemia and lymphoma. In this report, we have achieved sporadic SV40 T-antigen expression in mature B cells in mice, by insertion of a SV40 T antigen gene in opposite transcriptional orientation in the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy (H) chain locus between the D and JH segments. SV40 T-antigen expression appeared to result from retention of the targeted germline allele and concomitant antisense transcription of SV40 large T in mature B cells, leading to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Although B-cell development was unperturbed in young mice, aging mice showed accumulation of a monoclonal B-cell population in which the targeted IgH allele was in germline configuration and the wild-type IgH allele had a productive V(D)J recombination. These leukemic B cells were IgDlowCD5+ and manifested nonrandom usage of V, D, and J segments. VH regions were either unmutated, with preferential usage of the VH11 family, or manifested extensive somatic hypermutation. Our findings provide an animal model for B-CLL and show that pathways activated by SV40 T antigen play important roles in the pathogenesis of B-CLL.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2010-02-18
    Description: The adapter protein Slp65 is a key component of the precursor-B (pre-B) cell receptor. Slp65-deficient mice spontaneously develop pre-B cell leukemia, but the mechanism by which Slp65−/− pre-B cells become malignant is unknown. Loss of Btk, a Tec-family kinase that cooperates with Slp65 as a tumor suppressor, synergizes with deregulation of the c-Myc oncogene during lymphoma formation. Here, we report that the presence of the immunoglobulin heavy chain transgene VH81X prevented tumor development in Btk−/−Slp65−/− mice. This finding paralleled the reported effect of a human immunoglobulin heavy chain transgene on lymphoma development in Eμ-myc mice, expressing transgenic c-Myc. Because activation of c-Myc strongly selects for spontaneous inactivation of the p19Arf-Mdm2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway, we investigated whether disruption of this pathway is a common alteration in Slp65−/− pre-B cell tumors. We found that combined loss of Slp65 and p53 in mice transformed pre-B cells very efficiently. Aberrations in p19Arf, Mdm2, or p53 expression were found in all Slp65−/− (n = 17) and Btk−/−Slp65−/− (n = 32) pre-B cell leukemias analyzed. In addition, 9 of 10 p53−/−Slp65−/− pre-B cell leukemias manifested significant Mdm2 protein expression. These data indicate that malignant transformation of Slp65−/− pre-B cells involves disruption of the p19Arf-Mdm2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway.
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2007-10-03
    Electronic ISSN: 1756-0357
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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