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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inorganic Free Radicals in Solution. (1950)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Chemical reviews 50 (1950), S. 375-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6890
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr60157a003
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHLOROPHYLL PHOTOSENSITIZED POLYMERIZATION AND FREE RADICAL INTERMEDIATES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS (1952)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 74 (1952), S. 5808-5809 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja01142a541
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conservation tillage and input use (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 29 (1997), S. 188-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Agricultural production ; Conservation tillage ; Pesticide use ; Tillage systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  There continues to be a question as to the overall effectiveness of conservation tillage practices in reducing the impact of agricultural production on the environment. While it is generally recognized that water runoff and soil erosion will decline further, as tillage and mulch tillage systems are not used more extensively on cropland, what will happen to pesticide and fertilizer use remains uncertain. To gain some insight into this, the conservation tillage adoption decision is modelled. On the assumption that the decision to adopt conservation tillage is a two-step procedure, the first decision is whether or not to adopt a conservation tillage production system and the second concerns the extent to which conservation tillage should be used – appropriate models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on corn production in the United States for 1987, the profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was adopted is that the cropland had above-average slope and experienced above-average rainfall, the farm was a cash grain enterprise, and it had an above-average expenditure on pesticides and a below-average expenditure on fuel and custom pesticide applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting a no-tillage production practice, an above-average expenditure was made on fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050117
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of energy on the adoption of conservation tillage in the United States (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 9-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Agriculture ; Cointegration ; Conservation tillage ; Energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The impact of energy on the adoption of conservation tillage is of special importance in addressing concerns about the effect of agricultural production on the environment in the United States. It is the subject of this paper. After establishing that a relationship exists between the price of energy and the adoption of conservation tillage via cointegration techniques, the relationship is quantified. It is shown that while the real price of crude oil, the proxy used for the price of energy, does not affect the rate of adoption of conservation tillage, it does impact the extent to which it is used. Finally, there is no structural instability in the relationship between the relative use of conservation tillage and the real price of crude oil over the period 1963–1997.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050354
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of incorrectly estimating factor productivity in agriculture on the environment and human health (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Agricultural production ; Environment ; Input use ; Technological innovation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  This paper explores the implications of a misspecification of the production function on the use of factor inputs in the context of the adoption of an alternative production practice (a technological innovation) designed to mitigate the impact of agricultural production on human health and the environment. It is demonstrated that if the level of the use of some inputs is considered rather than their consumptive use (i.e., the actual amount used by a plant), the productivity of the input is inaccurately measured. It is also demonstrated that an aggregate production function approach can lead to overestimation of the value of the marginal product of an input due to the frequently implicit assumptions that the output supply, output demand, and fertilizer demand are infinitely price elastic. The implications of the results are important for determining the optimal use of inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides which have known adverse impacts on the environment and human health.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050359
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of the nitrogen carryover effect on economic activity and the environment (1998)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 34 (1998), S. 116-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Agricultural production ; Agriculture and the environment ; Soil nitrogen tests ; Technological change
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The economic and environmental consequences of soil nitrogen tests can have significant impacts on agricultural production. Some of these are explored here. The pre-side-dress soil N-test is evaluated for a hypothetical farmer growing corn at the ARS Sustainable Agriculture Demonstration Farm site in southern Maryland. For a farmer not currently using a soil N-test, adoption of this technology can lead to the enhancement of net farm income and the reduction in nitrogen loss to the environment. This will transpire only if the farmer is currently underestimating nitrogen carryover by more than 25% or applying nitrogen fertilizer based solely on an expected plateau-yield goal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050262
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of the economic benefits and costs of conservation tillage (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 238-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Keywords Conservation tillage ; economic costs ; private benefits ; soil erosion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The economic benefits of the adoption of conservation tillage depend on site-specific factors including soil characteristics, local climatic conditions, cropping patterns, and other attributes of the overall farming operation. While it is possible to draw some general inferences about components of economic returns and costs, a comprehensive assessment of the net private benefits from greater use of conservation tillage is not feasible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050004
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Environmental benefits and costs of conservation tillage (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 111-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Keywords Conservation tillage ; environmental benefits ; environmental costs ; production agriculture ; Universal Soil Loss Equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Every production practice, including conservation tillage, has positive or negative environmental consequences that may involve air, land, water, and/or the health and ecological status of wildlife. The negative impacts associated with agricultural production, and the use of conventional tillage systems in particular, include soil erosion, energy use, leaching and runoff of agricultural chemicals, and carbon emissions. Several of these impacts are quantified. The conclusions suggest that the use of conservation tillage does result in less of an adverse impact on the environment from agricultural production than does conventional tillage by reducing surface water runoff and wind erosion. Additionally, wildlife habitat will be enhanced to some extent with the adoption of conservation tillage and the benefits to be gained from carbon sequestration will depend on the soil remaining undisturbed. Finally, further expansion of conservation tillage on highly erodible land will unquestionably result in an increase in social benefits, but the expected gains will be modest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050407
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endogenous technological change and pollution abatement (1996)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 27 (1996), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Abatement technology ; Agricultural production ; Environmental externalities ; Nonpoint source pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Nonpoint source pollution control is a more complicated process than traditional analysis suggests. Whether a new pollution abatement technology is developed exogenously or endogenously and the per unit reduction in the rate at which a pollutant associated with the use of a factor of production needed to produce an agricultural commodity due to this technology enters the environment are critical factors in the determination of the effects of agricultural production on the pollutant stock. These are the issues addressed here. The optimal current period research and development expenditures on an endogenously induced abatement technology associated with the use of a factor of production giving rise to environmental externalities are shown to be a function of, among other things, the cumulation of all research and development expenditures, the probability of an abatement technology being developed, the level of use of the factor of production, the unit pollution tax on the factor, the rate of time preference (discount rate), the rate at which the pollutant associated with the factor enters the environment, the rate of discharge of the pollutant stock, and so forth. Finally, the analysis demonstrates that a reduction in pollution by the adoption of an abatement technology may lead to an increase in the pollutant stock as a result of endogenous technological change associated with the pollution abatement. When the rate of pollution reduction is greater than a threshold, however, the adoption of an endogenously determined abatement technology will unequivocally lead to a reduction in the pollutant stock.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00770432
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing a farmer's decision concerning the application timing of nitrogen fertilizer (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 24 (1994), S. 43-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Nitrogen fertilizer ; Application timing ; Production risk ; Cotton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with a farmer's decision on the timing of nitrogen fertilizer application. Analytical models are developed to determine the necessary conditions for the optimal timing of the application of nitrogen fertilizer. The models, coupled with an estimated cotton yield function, are used to assess a farmer's decision on the optimal application timing of nitrogen fertilizer in cotton production. The empirical results explain various observed application timings of nitrogen fertilizer being used in cotton production in Mississippi, USA, and provide an estimate of the cost to a farmer when he or she must comply with a restriction on the timing of the application of nitrogen fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00768076
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