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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical, chemical and biological processes in Lake Vostok and other Antarctic subglacial lakes (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 414 (2001), S. 603-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Over 70 lakes have now been identified beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. Although water from none of the lakes has been sampled directly, analysis of lake ice frozen (accreted) to the underside of the ice sheet above Lake Vostok, the largest of these lakes, has allowed inferences to be made on lake ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/414603a
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multi-element geochemical analysis of snow samples: Use of discriminant analysis in interpreting the results (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 27 (1993), S. 159-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper records the concentrations of major and trace elements determined from snow samples collected during a comprehensive survey undertaken in the Scottish Highlands during the winter and spring period of 1987. The configuration of calculated back-trajectories allowed the samples to be categorized into one of five geographical sectors. Discriminant analysis was used to check the validity of these calculations, to isolate potentially deviant samples, and to predict the possible source of one sample whose back-trajectory could not be computed with confidence. Limitations of the statistical method are discussed, but we conclude that the technique justifies more use by environmental scientists involved in the evaluation of data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00548363
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The composition of acidic meltwaters during snowmelt in the Scottish Highlands (1987)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 36 (1987), S. 75-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The chemical composition of meltwaters collected within a remote snowpack in the Scottish Highlands was modeled by the mixing of two components. The first component is concentrated and may originate from the solute-rich waters held at the crystal surfaces, whereas the second is dilute and possibly originates from the melting of the solute-poor interiors of snow and ice crystals. The proportional ionic composition of the components differ. In general, meltwaters become more dilute as ablation proceeds, and solute near to the surface of the snowpack is rapidly leached. Meltwaters do not necessarily become more concentrated as they percolate through the snowpack. Snowpack hydrology is likely to be a major control on the depth-concentration relationship. The composition of meltwaters from deeper within the snowpack provides some evidence for the preferential elution of acidic solute (H+, S04 2− and N03 −) with respect to sea salt (Na+ and Cl−). However, changes in the ionic concentration of these meltwaters, which are already proportionally enriched in sea salt, brought about by preferential elution are small in comparison to changes in concentration as a result of two component mixing or dilution
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00450621
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Episodic acidification of freshwater systems in Canada — Physical and geochemical processes (1994)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 72 (1994), S. 19-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of episodic acidification in Canadian streams, lake waters and shallow groundwaters has been reviewed, and the contolling mechanisms identified. ‘Episodes’, which are periods of depressed alkalinity during hydrological events, have been studied mainly in southeastern Canada, and occur at all sites where there is sufficient time resolution of the observations, viz. Ontario, Quebec and Nova Scotia. An ‘alkaline episode’, where acidity decreases during an event, has been reported from one lake in the Canadian Artic. There is a bias towards the examination of episodes stimulated by snowmelt or rain-on-snow, since rainfall-stimulated episodes are poorly documented. Pre-event, rather than event, water dominates runoff during episodes. For this reason, biogeochemical reactions and the hydrological flowpaths in operation through the vadose and saturated zones are the principal controls on the chemical characteristics of episodes. Most episodes are dominated by base cation ‘dilution’ in circumneutral systems, and ‘increase in strong acid anions’ (particularly sulphate) in acidic systems. Episodes dominated by nitrification or organic acids or stimulated by sea salt input are rare or have not been decumented. Direct input of event water may dominate only during particular circumstances at snowmelt. Then, direct chemical inputs from lake ice and lake snow cover may be of importance in some systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01257115
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Geochemical studies in a remote scottish upland catchment II. Streamwater chemistry during snow-melt (1989)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 43 (1989), S. 231-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract ‘Acid-flush’ events, monitored in an upland catchment in the Cairngorm Mountains (Scotland) at the time of the spring-thaw, are associated with an increase in stream discharge and raised concentrations of both major ions (Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, N03, and SO,) and trace-elements (Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb), in addition to H+. The streamwater chemistry is determined by the hydrological pathways which are operative in the catchment during these periods of snowmelt, and reflects both the meltwater composition and the influence of the soils within the catchment. Aluminium, in particular, is leached from the soils and high concentrations (up to 330 μg L−1) occur in the streamwaters. The presence of frozen soils, which result largely due to the influence of meteorological conditions prior to the accumulation of the snowpack, is likely to have a large impact on the Al concentrations in the streamwaters. The low concentrations of Ca monitored in the stream during the periods of snow-melt (〈0.2 mg L−1) may promote subsequent toxic effects of the Al to aquatic life forms.[/p]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279194
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trace-element studies in a remote scottish upland catchment (1988)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 37 (1988), S. 255-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Fresh and aged within-pack snow samples were collected and analyzed for 6 trace-elements during the winters of 1984 and 1985 at a remote site located within the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland. All of the fresh snow samples were acidic and highly variable in composition. The variability of pH and trace-element concentrations of snowfall are demonstrated to be associated with different air trajectory categories, and the study catchment is susceptible to episodic pollution events due to long range atmospheric transport. Partial melt experiments have shown that both fractionation and preferential elution of trace-elements occur during melting, the concentrations being 1.3 to 5.4 times higher in the first 10% meltwater fraction than in the bulk snow. Cadmium and Mn appear to be preferentially eluted from the melting snow with respect to the remaining elements. Upon snowpack melting, the trace-elements may be mobilized and redistributed within the snow profile. The ions concentrate at depth from where they can be quickly removed with the early water runoff during the spring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192939
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  • 7
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    Glacier shrinkage driving global changes in downstream systems (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-05
    Description: Glaciers cover ∼10% of the Earth’s land surface, but they are shrinking rapidly across most parts of the world, leading to cascading impacts on downstream systems. Glaciers impart unique footprints on river flow at times when other water sources are low. Changes in river hydrology and morphology caused by climate-induced glacier loss are projected to be the greatest of any hydrological system, with major implications for riverine and near-shore marine environments. Here, we synthesize current evidence of how glacier shrinkage will alter hydrological regimes, sediment transport, and biogeochemical and contaminant fluxes from rivers to oceans. This will profoundly influence the natural environment, including many facets of biodiversity, and the ecosystem services that glacier-fed rivers provide to humans, particularly provision of water for agriculture, hydropower, and consumption. We conclude that human society must plan adaptation and mitigation measures for the full breadth of impacts in all affected regions caused by glacier shrinkage.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    Algal photophysiology drives darkening and melt of the Greenland Ice Sheet (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Blooms of Zygnematophycean “glacier algae” lower the bare ice albedo of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), amplifying summer energy absorption at the ice surface and enhancing meltwater runoff from the largest cryospheric contributor to contemporary sea-level rise. Here, we provide a step change in current understanding of algal-driven ice sheet darkening through quantification of the photophysiological mechanisms that allow glacier algae to thrive on and darken the bare ice surface. Significant secondary phenolic pigmentation (11 times the cellular content of chlorophylla) enables glacier algae to tolerate extreme irradiance (up to ∼4,000 µmol photons⋅m−2⋅s−1) while simultaneously repurposing captured ultraviolet and short-wave radiation for melt generation. Total cellular energy absorption is increased 50-fold by phenolic pigmentation, while glacier algal chloroplasts positioned beneath shading pigments remain low-light–adapted (Ek∼46 µmol photons⋅m−2⋅s−1) and dependent upon typical nonphotochemical quenching mechanisms for photoregulation. On the GrIS, glacier algae direct only ∼1 to 2.4% of incident energy to photochemistry versus 48 to 65% to ice surface melting, contributing an additional ∼1.86 cm water equivalent surface melt per day in patches of high algal abundance (∼104cells⋅mL−1). At the regional scale, surface darkening is driven by the direct and indirect impacts of glacier algae on ice albedo, with a significant negative relationship between broadband albedo (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer [MODIS]) and glacier algal biomass (R2= 0.75,n= 149), indicating that up to 75% of the variability in albedo across the southwestern GrIS may be attributable to the presence of glacier algae.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    Glacier Biogeochemistry (2017)
    European Association of Geochemistry
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-01
    Description: This volume charts our interlinked research pathways, which began with an interest in water flow paths at glacier beds and expanded into an exploration of the role of glaciers and ice sheets in local, regional, and global biogeochemical cycles. Along the journey, we discovered that glacier beds are habitats for microbes, and that the microbes are sustained by a variety of rock- and organic carbon-related processes. We were encouraged to write our story in a travelogue style, highlighting the contributions of the great students, post docs and colleagues we have had the pleasure to work with, the sometimes random nature of the factors that led us to explore new systems and processes, and some of the dead ends we ran into. We could have written so much more, but we have covered the state of the science when we were post grads, the things that motivated us to study rock dissolution and water flow paths at glacier beds, what happened when we explored glacier beds for the first time, in terms of biogeochemical weathering reactions, our desire to upscale from small valley glaciers to the larger ice masses of Svalbard and Ellesmere Island and, finally, the opportunities we had to work on the biogeochemistry of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets. It is with some pride that we note that most of the biogeochemical processes we deduced from our studies of smaller glacier systems also occur beneath the large ice masses, given due regard to differences in spatial scale, the timescales on which processes operate, and the provenance of sediment at the glacier beds. Our students have made huge contributions to the field of glacier biogeochemistry, the role of glaciers in fertilising the oceans, and the role of bedrock abrasion and crushing in subsidising microbial communities beneath ice sheet interiors. We suspect that these are going to be topics they will write about in future volumes of this series, as a minimum.
    Print ISSN: 2223-7755
    Electronic ISSN: 2224-2759
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by European Association of Geochemistry
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  • 10
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    Speciation, phase association and potential bioavailability of phosphorus on a Svalbard glacier (2008)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-29
    Print ISSN: 0168-2563
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-515X
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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