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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LIFE ON THE EDGE:Insect Ecology in Arctic Environments (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 43 (1998), S. 85-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The restricted Arctic insect fauna is usually explained by a lack of recolonization since the last glacial period, inadequate supply of suitable resources, or insufficient adaptation to such a harsh environment. These hypotheses and others that attempt to explain the latitudinal gradient of species distributions and abundance are reviewed. Arctic habitats available to insects are strongly heterogeneous, requiring a similarly diverse array of adaptive responses, characteristic of those species that have colonized and survived in such a stressful climate. Important adaptations in morphology (size, wings), behavior (activity patterns, thermoregulation), life cycles, and ecophysiology (cold hardiness, anaerobiosis, desiccation resistance) are discussed. The current focus of global climate change research on polar regions is identifed, particularly the opportunity to study fundamental ecological processes and spatial dynamics in the relatively simple Arctic ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.85
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of temperature elevation on a field population of Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Spitsbergen (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 96 (1993), S. 457-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Aphid ; Arctic ; Climate change ; Life-cycle ; Thermal budget
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A manipulation experiment was carried out on a field population of the aphid Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum near Ny Ålesund, on the high arctic island of Spitsbergen, using cloches to raise temperature. An average rise in temperature of 2.8 deg. C over the summer season markedly advanced the phenology of both the host plant Dryas octopetala and the aphid. Advanced aphid phenology, with concomitant increases in reproductive output and survival, and successful completion of the life-cycle led to an eleven-fold increase in the number of overwintering eggs. Thermal budget requirements in day degrees above 0°C were calculated for key life-cycle stages of the aphid. Temperature data from Ny Ålesund over the past 23 years were used to calculate thermal budgets for the field site over the same period and these were compared with the requirements of the aphid. Each estimated thermal budget was then adjusted to simulate the effect of a +2, +4, and −2deg. C change in average temperature on aphid performance. This retrospective analysis (i) confirms that the life-cycle of A. svalbardicum is well suited to exploit higher summer temperatures, (ii) indicates that the annual success of local populations are sensitive to small changes in temperature and (iii) suggests that the aphid is living at the limits of its thermal range at Ny Ålesund based on its summer thermal budget requirements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320502
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of experimental temperature elevation on high-arctic soil microarthropod populations (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  An experiment was conducted to measure the effects of summer warming on the total population densities of soil-dwelling microarthropods in the high Arctic and to compare these results with those from natural between-year and between-site variations. Small polythene tents were used to elevate summer temperatures over 3 years on polar semi-desert and tundra heath in West Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway. Soil cores were taken at regular intervals from tented and untented (control) plots and heat extracted for mites (Acarina: Oribatida) and springtails (Collembola). Species present were similar at both sites, but at the start of the experiment total springtail populations were greater at the polar semi-desert whilst oribatid mite densities were equal at both sites. No significant effect of temperature elevation on oribatid mite populations emerged, even after 3 years. By contrast, springtail numbers were significantly lower on tented versus control plots at the polar semi-desert at the end of year 3, but not so at the tundra heath. Collembola numbers declined at both sites during the warm dry midsummers of 1992/1993 and this was most marked at the better drained polar semi-desert site. Over the equivalent period total oribatid mite populations, while relatively more stable, increased significantly at the polar semi-desert as a result of an increase in the number of juveniles. Results are interpreted in the context of the ecophysiological adaptations of oribatid mites and springtails to soil temperature and moisture. The resulting survival characteristics are considered in relation to the temperature and moisture characteristics of the two sites. The experiment demonstrated that year to year variation in climate, interacting with physical differences between sites, produced an equal or greater effect on microarthropod numbers at any one site than the 8–10% increase in “heat availability” (day degrees above zero) resulting from the summer tent treatment. The limitations of the use of tents to elevate soil temperatures are discussed. Comparisons are made with microarthropod population data from other polar and alpine sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050039
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new cloche design for elevating temperature in polar terrestrial ecosystems (1993)
    Springer
    Polar biology 13 (1993), S. 577-580 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cloche design is described that is suitable for elevating temperature to simulate global warming in polar ecosystems. This cloche system was used in a manipulation experiment near Ny Ålesund, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. An average warming of 2.8 deg. C. was produced over a 60 day growing season, well within the range predicted by present climate models. The elevation effect is shown to be consistent over the diel cycle and throughout the short arctic summer season. Several advantages over previous designs of manipulation unit are highlighted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236400
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding studies on Onychiurus arcticus (Tullberg) (Collembola: Onychiuridae) on West Spitsbergen (1994)
    Springer
    Polar biology 14 (1994), S. 17-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding biology of the arctic collembolan Onychiurus arcticus (Tullberg) is described from West Spitsbergen, based on a combination of gut content analyses for field collected and microcosm-living animals, together with laboratory feeding trials. There was wide variation in the food items consumed by individual animals, reflecting the wide choice available in the environment. Most animals fed predominantly on living and dead bryophytes, detritus and to a lesser extent algal cells. Laboratory trials showed that O. arcticus feeds as a herbivore on a range of bryophyte species. The presence of dense aggregations below bird cliffs and elsewhere may reflect the distribution of particularly favourable microenvironments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240267
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors limiting the distribution of Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Spitsbergen (1995)
    Springer
    Polar biology 15 (1995), S. 375-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of the high arctic aphid Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum was found to have a distinct limit in the Kongsfjorden area of Spitsbergen; the probability of site occupancy increased with distance from the fjord mouth and decreased with distance from the shore. Superimposed on this general distribution pattern, sites that cleared of snow early in the polar summer were more likely to be occupied by aphids. The phenology of the aphid was significantly affected by small changes in microclimate over distances of a few metres. The aphid only occurs in the warmer parts of the region, but laboratory cultures were successfully reared on plant material collected from colder regions that the aphid does not presently occupy. These observations suggest that the local distribution of A. svalbardicum is determined by summer thermal conditions. On a smaller scale, within patches where the aphids occurred, densities were higher on flowers and flowering shoots than on non-flowering shoots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238489
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life-cycle and morph production in the Arctic aphid Acyrthosiphon brevicorne (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The life-cycle of the sub-Arctic, Dryas-feeding aphid, Acyrthosiphon brevicorne, is described and shown to be intermediate between that of the high-Arctic aphid (Acyrthosiphon svalbardicum) and typical holocyclic, monoecious, temperate species. The fundatrix of A. brevicorne can give rise directly to both sexual morphs, a necessary adaptation to the short Arctic summer. Production of males is predetermined; some males are produced by all-viviparous mothers, but at lower frequencies in the birth sequences of the fundatrix than in subsequent generations. By contrast, the production of oviparae is controlled, at least in part, by photoperiod.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050056
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of experimental temperature elevation on high-arctic soil microarthropod populations (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An experiment was conducted to measure the effects of summer warming on the total population densities of soil-dwelling microarthropods in the high Arctic and to compare these results with those from natural between-year and between-site variations. Small polythene tents were used to elevate summer temperatures over 3 years on polar semi-desert and tundra heath in West Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway. Soil cores were taken at regular intervals from tented and untented (control) plots and heat extracted for mites (Acarina: Oribatida) and springtails (Collembola). Species present were similar at both sites, but at the start of the experiment total springtail populations were greater at the polar semi-desert whilst oribatid mite densities were equal at both sites. No significant effect of temperature elevation on oribatid mite populations emerged, even after 3 years. By contrast, springtail numbers were significantly lower on tented versus control plots at the polar semi-desert at the end of year 3, but not so at the tundra heath. Collembola numbers declined at both sites during the warm dry midsummers of 1992/1993 and this was most marked at the better drained polar semi-desert site. Over the equivalent period total oribatid mite populations, while relatively more stable, increased significantly at the polar semi-desert as a result of an increase in the number of juveniles. Results are interpreted in the context of the ecophysiological adaptations of oribatid mites and springtails to soil temperature and moisture. The resulting survival characteristics are considered in relation to the temperature and moisture characteristics of the two sites. The experiment demonstrated that year to year variation in climate, interacting with physical differences between sites, produced an equal or greater effect on microarthropod numbers at any one site than the 8–10% increase in “heat availability” (day degrees above zero) resulting from the summer tent treatment. The limitations of the use of tents to elevate soil temperatures are discussed. Comparisons are made with microarthropod population data from other polar and alpine sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02390435
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  • 9
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    Global Change and Arctic Ecosystems: Conclusions and Predictions from Experiments with Terrestrial Invertebrates on Spitsbergen (1998)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-0851
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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  • 10
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    Thermal Environments of Arctic Soil Organisms during Winter (1995)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0004-0851
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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