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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 7905-7910 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Cobalt nitride films, CoN, in a pure form and also as a nanocomposite in boron nitride or silicon nitride were generated by reactive sputtering of cobalt metal, cobalt boride, or cobalt silicide as targets, respectively, in a nitrogen plasma. Cobalt nitride decomposes into the elements by heating under vacuum at 500 °C. The nanostructure of the composites was preserved in the heating treatment thus creating a fine dispersion (〈10 nm) of cobalt particles, in a ceramic matrix. The magnetic properties of the nanocomposites were established. The precursor cobalt nitride is paramagnetic while the cobalt dispersions, having dimensions smaller than single magnetic domain, show characteristics typical of those systems such as superparamagnetism and, at temperatures lower than the blocking temperature, marked hysteresis. The coercive fields at 5 K for the BN and Si3N4 nanocomposites are 3250 and 850 Oe, respectively. These films are of interest as data recording media.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 3034-3036 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Nickel–aluminum nitride films were prepared by reactive sputtering of a nickel aluminide plate in a nitrogen plasma. The initial product is a nanocomposite containing the nickel as the nitride, Ni3N, in aluminum nitride. Heating in vacuum to 500 °C causes selective decomposition of the thermally labile nickel nitride leaving the aluminum nitride unaffected. The nickel nanocomposite is of interest for potential applications as recording media, as are other finely divided dispersions of ferromagnetic metals in insulating matrices. The nickel–aluminum nitride nanocomposite shows a moderate coercive field of 35 Oe at 300 K and, in common with ultrafine particles of ferromagnetic materials, shows superparamagnetic behavior. The Ni3N/AlN nanocomposite was subjected to localized heating with the focused beam of an argon-ion laser; this created features several microns in width that could be imaged with a magnetic force microscope, thus confirming its potential as a high density data storage medium. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 58 (1996), S. 298-309 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Microlites ; Rhyolite ; Obsidians ; Viscosity ; Glass transition ; Lava flow rheology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  To investigate the influence of microlites on lava flow rheology, the viscosity of natural microlite-bearing rhyolitic obsidians of calc-alkaline and peralkaline compositions containing 0.1–0.4 wt.% water was measured at volcanologically relevant temperatures (650–950  °C), stresses (103–105 Pa) and strain rates (10–5 to 10–7 s–1). The glass transition temperatures (T g ) were determined from scanning calorimetric measurements on the melts for a range of cooling/heating rates. Based on the equivalence of enthalpic (calorimetric) and shear (viscosity) relaxation, we calculated the viscosity of the melt in crystal-bearing samples from the T g data. The difference between the calculated viscosity of the melt phase and the measured viscosity for the crystal-bearing samples is interpreted to be the physical effect of microlites on the measured viscosity. The effect of 〈5 vol.% rod-like microlites on the melt rheology is negligible. Microlite-rich and microlite-poor samples from the same lava flow and with identical bulk chemistry show a difference of 0.6 log10 units viscosity (Pa s), interpreted to be due to differences in melt chemistry caused by the presence of microlites. The only major differences between measured and calculated viscosities were for two samples: a calc-alkaline rhyolite with 1 vol.% branching crystals, and a peralkaline rhyolite containing crystal-rich bands with 〉45 vol.% crystals. For both of these samples a connectivity factor is apparent, with, for the latter, a close packing framework of crystals which is interpreted to influence the apparent viscosity.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 59 (1997), S. 103-111 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Magma ; Mount St. Helens ; Cryptodome ; Viscosity ; Physical ; Rheological ; Experimental
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Physical properties of cryptodome and remelted samples of the Mount St. Helens grey dacite have been measured in the laboratory. The viscosity of cryptodome dacite measured by parallel–plate viscometry ranges from 10.82 to 9.94 log10 η (Pa s) (T=900–982  °C), and shrinkage effects were dilatometrically observed at T〉900  °C. The viscosity of remelted dacite samples measured by the micropenetration method is 10.60–9.25 log10 η (Pa s) (T=736–802  °C) and viscosities measured by rotational viscometry are 3.22–1.66 log10 η (Pa s) (T=1298–1594  °C). Comparison of the measured viscosity of cryptodome dacitic samples with the calculated viscosity of corresponding water-bearing melt demonstrates significant deviations between measured and calculated values. This difference reflects a combination of the effect of crystals and vesicles on the viscosity of dacite as well as the insufficient experimental basis for the calculation of crystal-bearing vesicular melt viscosities at low temperature. Assuming that the cryptodome magma of the 18 May 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption was residing at 900  °C with a phenocryst content of 30 vol.%, a vesicularity of 36 vol.% and a bulk water content of 0.6 wt.%, we estimate the magma viscosity to be 1010.8 Pa s.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 60 (1998), S. 89-97 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Rhyolite ; Calc-alkaline ; Peralkaline ; Viscosity ; Water ; Activation energy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  As a major volatile in volcanic systems, water has a significant influence on the rheological properties of silicic magmas. This is especially so at minor water contents relevant to the emplacement of silicic lavas. To investigate the influence of water on the viscosity of natural rhyolitic obsidians, a novel strategy has been adopted employing parallel-plate and micropenetration techniques. Viscosities have been determined on three types of material: (a) raw water-bearing obsidians; (b) remelted (1650  °C, 1 atm) degassed glasses of the obsidians; and (c) hydrothermally hydrated (1300  °C, 3 kbar) obsidians. Ten natural rhyolitic obsidians (peraluminous, calc-alkaline and peralkaline) were employed: seven originated from lava flows and contained 〈0.2 wt.% H2O, two samples were F-rich from pyroclastic successions, and one was an obsidian cobble with 1.5 wt.% water also associated with pyroclastic units. Melt compositions and water contents were stable during viscometry. The measured decreases in activation energies of viscous flow and viscosity with small amounts of water are much greater than the Shaw calculation scheme predicts. In addition, a marked non-linear decrease in η exists with increasing water content. In contrast to the case for peralkaline rhyolites, 0.1–0.2 wt.% water decreases activation energies significantly (up to 30%) for calc-alkaline compositions. These results have important implications for the ease of near-surface degassing of silicic magmas during emplacement and permit the testing of calculational models for viscosity, largely based on synthetic systems.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 39 (1987), S. 225-236 
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The position of the satellite within the protonebula, the influence of the parent planet, particularly the relative effects of tidal (gravitational) as opposed to radiogenic (internal) heat generating processes, as well as the type of ice, exert a control on the evolutionary histories of the Jovian and Saturnian satellites. The landscapes of the moons are modified by surface deformational processes (tectonic activity derived from within the body) and externally derived cratering. The geological history of the Galilean satellites is deduced from surface stratigraphic successions of geological units. Io and Europa, with crater-free surfaces, are tectonically more advanced than crater-saturated Callisto. Two thermal-drive models are proposed based on: an expression for externally derived gravitational influences between two bodies; and internal heat generation via radiogenic decay (expressed by surface area/volume ratio). Both parameters, for the Galilean satellites, are plotted against an inferred product of tectonic processes — the age of the surface terrain. From these diagrams, the tectonic evolutionary state of the more distant Saturnian system are predicted. These moons are fitted into an evolutionary framework for the Solar System.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 80 (1995), S. 1105-1108 
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The chemical form or speciation of mercury (Hg) in the floodplain soils of the East Fork Poplar Creek in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, a site contaminated from past industrial activity, was investigated. The speciation of Hg in the soils is an important factor in controlling the fate and effect of Hg at the site and in assessing human health and ecological risk. Application of three different sequential extraction speciation schemes indicated the Hg at the site was predominantly relatively insoluble mercuric sulfide or metallic Hg, though the relative proportions of each did not agree well between procedures. Application of X-ray and electron beam studies to site soils confirmed the presence of metacinnabar, a form of mercuric sulfide, the first known evidence of authigenic mercuric sulfide formation in soils.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 11 (1973), S. 293-309 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Echoencephalography ; orbit ; ultrasonics ; biophysics ; bones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire La fosse orbitaire supérieure a été utilisée comme fente acoustique pour représenter, par des techniques de réflection, les structures de la partie postérieure du crâne, au-dessus du tentorium cerebelli. L'étude actuelle montre que, pour utiliser cette fente, il est essentiel que l'onde soit centrée avec précision sur les deux axes de la fosse, qui joue le rôle de fente de diffraction. Il a été découvert que des os suffisamment minces pour jouer le rôle de transparence acoustique sont fréquement trouvés sur les marges de l'orbite. Quand une telle transparence est présente sur le côté le plus grand de l'os sphénoide, la fente acoustique transmet plus d'énergie et a une ouverture plus grande. Dans ces circonstances, et surtout si la transparence est seulement présente sur un côté, les images exposées des deux côtés à la même sensibilité de récepteur, peuvent être suffisamment dissemblables pour causer des erreurs de diagnostique. Ces erreurs peuvent être d'une nature positive fausse ou d'une nature négative fausse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Fissura orbitalis wurde als ein akustisches Fenster benutzt; mit Hilfe der Reflektions-methode wurden die Strukturen im hinteren Teil der Gehirnschale über dem Zelt des Kleinhirns (tentorium cerebellum) sichtbar gemacht. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, will man dieses Fenster benutzen, dass es wichtig ist, den Strahl genau in die Mitte der beiden Achsen des Spaltes zu richten. Dieser erhält dadurch eine Diffraktionswirkung. An den Ränden der Augenhöhle finden sich des öfteren Knochen die dünn genug sind, um akustische Durchlässigkeit zu haben. Wenn eine solche Transparenz in dem grösseren Teil des Schädelkeilbeins vorhanden ist, hat das akustische Fenster stärkere Wirksamkeit und eine grössere Offnung. Unter diesen Umständen, und besonders wenn die Transparenz nur auf der einen Seite vorhanden ist, können diese Widerspiegelungen von beiden Seiten gleichstark empfangen, genügend verschieden sein, um eine Fehldiagnose zu verursachen. Solch ein Irrtum kann falsch positiv oder falsch negativ sein.
    Notes: Abstract The superior orbital fissure has been used as an acoustic window to image, by reflection techniques, the structures in the posterior part of the cranium above the tentorium cerebelli. The present study shows that to use this window it is essential that the beam should be accurately centred on both axes of the fissure, which acts as a diffraction slit. It was found that bones sufficiently thin to act as acoustic transparencies are frequently found in the margins of the orbit. When such a transparency is present in the greater wing of the sphenoidal bone, the acoustic window transmits more energy and has a larger aperture. Under these circumstances, and especially if the transparency is present on only one side, the images displayed from the two sides at the same receiver sensitivity may be sufficiently dissimilar to cause errors in diagnosis. Such errors may be of a false positive or false negative nature.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 9 (1971), S. 263-287 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommaire Les légers mouvements du transducteur ultrasonique par rapport à la tête résultant en des variations importantes de la forme et de l'intensité de l'énergie ultrasonique dans la tête, il est essentiel que toute technique ultrasonique qui enregistre des variations d'amplitude d'une interface intra-cranienne individuelle doit incorporer un dispositif de retenue du transducteur qui fixe le transducteur solidement au crâne. Il est évident qu'une fixation aussi rigide du transducteur est également importante si la portée de l'interface par rapport au transducteur doit être mesurée. On décrit un tel dispositif qui a été satisfaisant en pratique. On décrit également un appareillage d'enregistrement qui pourra détecter des variations d'amplitude et de portée d'échos séparés dans chacune de deux entrées. Les deux échos séparés peuvent être reçus par le même ou par des transducteurs séparés. En même temps, la portée entre les deux transducteurs peut être continuellement enregistrée afin d'assurer qu'aucun changement de portée des transducteurs par rapport l'un à l'autre ne soit pas détecté. Des moniteurs visuels avec bases de temps expansées présentent à tout instant le signal qui est à chaque entrée. De cette façon l'observateur peut s'assurer que l'amplitude et le mouvement ne soient enregistrés que des cycles d'échos d'amplitude adequate et que la forme sinusoïdale de ces cycles et de leurs voisins demeurent inchangés; ceci protège contre les variations de portée et d'amplitude provenant d'interférence variable des cycles d'écho étant enregistrés. L'enregistrement simultané de variations de portée avec l'amplitude, fournit une protection supplémentaire importante contre une partie du signal étant enregistré se déplaçant en-dehors de l'entrée, car un tel mouvement est reconnaissable dans le mouvement enregistré par des changements qui sont caractéristiques, et qui précèdent tous changements d'amplitude enregistrés, quelque soit le sens dans lequel le signal bouge par rapport à l'entrée. On décrit les restrictions dans l'interprétation des enregistrements de variations d'amplitude et de portée faites par cet appareillage. Des variations d'amplitude d'échos intracraniens semblent être influencés par tant de facteurs variables et imprévisibles affectant l'impulsion d'insonation et l'écho réfléchi qu'ils n'ont aucune utilité évidente en médecine clinicale. Des fluctuations dans la portée de diverses interfaces intracraniennes dues au passage du pouls cardiaque par l'arbre artériel cérébral sont sous l'influence de tant de forces environnantes, qu'elles varient beaucoup d'une interface à une autre, de sorte que leur étude est sans gratification. Les changements de portée qui résultent d'autres évènements physiologiques peuvent être plus informatifs ainsi que peut l'être l'étude du sens du mouvement d'interfaces cérébrales dans des conditions variables.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Da leichte Bewegungen der Ultraschallumwandler in Bezug auf den Kopf merkliche Veränderungen in der Art und Stärke der Ultraschallenergie innerhalb des Kopfes verursachen, ist es erforderlich, dass jede Ultraschalltechnik, welche Änderungen in der Amplitude einer individuellen intrakraniellen Zwischenfläche verzeichnet, eine Haltevorrichtung für den Umwandler enthalten muss, welche den Umwandler fest in Bezug auf den Schädel hält. Es ist klar, dass solche Befestigung des Umwandlers ebenso wichtig ist, wenn die Lage der Zwischenschicht in Bezug auf den Umwandler gemessen werden soll. Eine solche Vorrichtung, die sich in der Praxis als zufriedenstellend gezeigt hat, wird beschrieben. Es wird auch ein Aufzeichnungsgerät beschrieben, das Änderungen in Amplitude und Bereich vonz wei separaten Echos innerhalb von je zwei Pforten aufspürt. Die zwei separaten Echos können von demselben oder separaten Umwandlern aufgenommen werden. Gleichzeitig kann die Lage zwischen den zwei Umwandlern laufend für den Versuch aufgezeichnet werden, sicher zu sein, dass kein Wechsel in der Lage der Umwandler relativ zueinander unbeobachtet bleiben wird. Aufzeichnungsmonitoren mit ausgebreiteter Abtastperiode weisen jederzeit das Signal auf, das in jeder Pforte ist. Auf diese Weise kann der Beobachter sicher gehen, dass Amplitude und Bewegung nur von Echoperioden mit ausreichender Amplitude aufgezeichnet werden, und dass die sinusförmige Form dieser Perioden und der benachbarten unverändert bleiben. Dies schützt gegen Änderungen im Bereich und der Amplitude, als Ursache von veränderlicher Interferenz während der Aufzeichnung der Echoperioden. Die gleichzeitige Aufzeichnung von Lageänderungen mit Amplitude ergibt einen wichtigen zusätzlichen Schutz gegen Aufzeichnung eines Teils des Signals, das sich aus der Pforte herausbewegt, da solche Bewegung in der durch Änderungen aufgezeichneten Bewegung erkenntlich ist, welche charakteristisch sind und welche allen Änderungen in aufgezeichneten Amplituden vorangehen ganz gleich, in welcher Richtung das Signal sich in, Bezug auf die Pforte bewegt. Es werden Beschränkungen in der Ausdeutung der Aufzeichnungen der Änderungen in Amplitude und Lage beschrieben, welche dieses Gerät produziert. Amplitudenänderungen von intrakraniellen Echos werden anscheinend von so vielen unvoraussagbaren und veränderlichen Faktoren beeinflusst, welche den schlagenden Puls und das zurückkommende Echo beeinflussen, dass sie keinen offenbaren Nutzen in klinischer Medizin haben. Schwankungen in der Lage verschiedener intrakranieller Zwischenschichten sind durch den Durchgang des Herzpulses durch den zerebalen Arterienbaum unter dem Einfluss so vieler umgebender Kräfte, dass sie erheblich von einer Zwischenschicht zur anderen abweichen, sodass es sich nicht lohnt, sie zu untersuchen. Die Lageänderungen, welche die Ursache anderer physiologischer Vorgänge sind, können aufschlussreicher sein und ebenfalls die Untersuchung der Bewegungsrichtung zerebraler Zwischenschichten unter veränderlichen Bedingungen.
    Notes: Abstract Since slight movements of the ultrasonic transducer relative to the head result in marked variations in the pattern and intensity of the ultrasonic energy within the head, it is essential that any ultrasonic technique that records variations in amplitude from one individual intracranial interface must incorporate a transducer holding device that fixes the tranducer rigidly with respect to the skull. It is obvious that such rigid fixation of the transducer is equally important if the range of the interface from the transducer is to be measured. Such a device, that has been found satisfactory in practice, is described. Recording equipment is also described that will sense variations in amplitude and range of separate echoes within each of two gates. The two separate echoes may be received by the same or separate transducers. At the same time the range between the two transducers can be continuously recorded in an attempt to ensure that no change in range of the transducers relative to each other will remain undetected. Visual monitors, with expanded time bases, display at all times the signal that is within each gate. In this way the observer can ensure that amplitude and motion is only recorded from echo cycles of adequate amplitude and that the sinusoidal shape of these cycles and their neighbours remains unchanged; this safeguards against variations in range, and amplitude resulting from varying interference of the echo cycles being recorded. The simultaneous recording of range variations with amplitude provides an important additional safeguard against part of the signal being recorded moving outside the gate, since such movement is recognizable in the motion recorded by changes which are characteristic and which precede any changes in amplitude recorded in whichever direction the signal moves with respect to the gate. Restrictions in the interpretation of the recordings of variations in amplitude and range made by this equipment, are described. Variations in the amplitude of intracranial echoes appear to be influenced by so many unpredictable and varying factors affecting the insonating pulse and the returning echo that they have no obvious use in clinical medicine. Fluctuations in the range of various intracranial interfaces due to the passage of the cardiac pulse through the cerebral arterial tree are under the influence of so many surrounding forces that they vary greatly from one interface to another, so that their study is unrewarding. The range changes that result from other physiological events may be more informative and so may the study of the direction of the movement of cerebral interfaces under varying conditions.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 15 (1996), S. 1719-1722 
    ISSN: 1573-4811
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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