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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 5985-5985 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fe/Mo multilayered thin films were grown on oxidized Si substrates by UHV e-beam evaporation. Both magnetic and structural results obtained from SQUID magnetometry, magnetoresistance (MR), small-angle x-ray scattering, large-angle x-ray scattering, and cross-sectional high-resolution electron microscopy are reported. Fe (30 A(ring))/Mo films with Mo thickness ranging from 7 to 25 A(ring) display oscillatory interlayer magnetic coupling. The maximum low-temperature negative MR is 2% for 11 A(ring) Mo layer thickness, while the minimum MR is 0.1% for 16 A(ring) Mo layer thickness. A series of Fe (30 A(ring))/Mo (11 A(ring)) films were grown at substrate temperatures (Ts) ranging from 150 to 475 K. Films grown at low Ts exhibit decreased coherence length and increased layer roughness, but only moderately reduced saturation field (Hs) and MR. Films grown at high Ts exhibit increased coherence length, increased interface thickness, and greatly reduced Hs and MR. Structural models for these films will be presented and correlated with magnetization and MR results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 5038-5040 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Multilayers of Nb/Cr have been fabricated by a UHV e-beam evaporation system with the nominal Cr layer thickness of 30 A(ring) and the Nb layers varying from 30 to 1000 A(ring). The structural properties have been studied by computer modeling of the measured large angle x-ray spectra. It was found that the Nb/Cr films have symmetric interfaces. The resistivity temperature variation was measured using the dc four-probe method. For ML with bilayer thickness, Λ less than 250 A(ring), it varied inversely as Λ−1 indicating that the resistivity is dominated by electron scattering from the interfaces at low temperature. The Tc of Nb/Cr films varies from 9.1 K for dNb=1000 A(ring) to below 4.2 K for dNb=26 A(ring). This can be explained by the de Gennes–Werthamer theory with corrections for the interface thicknesses. It was also found that the resistivity drop occurs in two steps for samples with dNb〈1000 A(ring). The areas under the second steps increased almost linearly with the number of the interfaces. The parallel critical fields were measured for several of the multilayers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 4297-4299 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electrical resistivity of a series of Co-Cr multilayered thin films (MLS) of equal layer thickness of ∼30–30 A(ring) made at various substate temperatures and deposition rates of 0.5 and 2 A(ring)/s was measured over the temperature range of 4.2–350 K. The most striking feature seen in several of these MLS was that the bump near the Néel temperature TN of the spin-density wave (SDW) of Cr was 2–4 times greater than that seen in CrCo alloys. The bump in the MLS is also much sharper than that of the alloys. The resistivity bump and an increase in TN in the alloys has been attributed to an enhancement of the SDW due to the exchange interaction between the Co moments and the SDW. It is proposed that the even larger enhancement of the SDW in the MLS is due to the superlattice structure of the MLS. This changes the Cr Fermi surface by introducing new Brillouin zones and thus increases the nesting which gives rise to the SDW. The variation of the TN values of the MLS varies systematically with the substrate temperature. Other similarities and differences between the MLS and the alloys resistivity behavior are discussed.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 4290-4292 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Magnetic properties of multilayered Co/Cr films have been investigated by ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and compared to magnetization studies carried out on a SQUID magnetometer. The interesting feature observed in most of the spectra was that along with an intense resonance corresponding to the uniform mode, several weak but well-defined peaks were observed at higher magnetic fields. The angular and temperature variations of the line positions indicates that these are due to cobalt atoms in the interface. In conjunction with static magnetization, the FMR studies of the main resonance lead us to believe that there may be long-range magnetic effects which result in additional anisotropy fields.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 61 (1987), S. 4064-4066 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The dimensionality of Ni-Cr multilayered structures (MLS) was studied from the variation of the temperature dependence of the saturation magnetization Ms with the Ni layer thickness. Since NiCr alloys containing more than 12% Cr are nonmagnetic the thickness of the interfaces and pure Ni regions can be obtained from the measured value of Ms by modeling the MLS and determining the thickness of the pure Ni regions. Assuming that the pure Ni regions are isolated sufficiently to behave independently, comparison was made with several theories. It was found that the observed behavior is similar to that described by the theory of Davis and Keffer with a surface anisotropy energy of about 0.1 that of the exchange energy. This theory uses nonperiodic boundary conditions and assumes a surface anisotropy field which causes the partial pinning of the surface spins. The magnetization decrease calculated with this theory falls off less rapidly with film thickness than other theories. At high fields the magnetization and Curie temperatures of the MLS having 20 A(ring) or less of Ni is found to be field dependent. This is indicative that a considerable amount of the magnetic moments arise from itinerant d electrons.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 2415-2427 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of elevated temperature on the structural stability and performance of Mo-Si multilayer mirrors is investigated. Mo-Si multilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering are annealed at temperatures ranging from 200 to 800 °C. A detailed and consistent picture of the thermally induced changes in the microstructure is obtained using an array of complementary measurement techniques including small- and large-angle x-ray scattering and high-resolution electron microscopy. The first significant structural changes are observed at 400 °C, characterized by an increase in the width of the amorphous interlayer regions, as well as the nucleation of microcrystallites of silicide in these regions. At higher temperature the Mo layers transform completely into polycrystalline mixtures of Mo5 Si3 and MoSi2 in both the hexagonal and tetragonal phase. The layers of silicide remain intact but exhibit a structural instability, resulting in severely warped layers surrounded by pockets of amorphous Si and voids. By 800 °C the layered structure is completely destroyed and the composition is predominately tetragonal MoSi2 . The performance of the multilayers as normal-incidence x-ray mirrors is measured and correlated with the observed structural modifications. Finally, our results are compared and contrasted with other annealing studies of the Mo-Si system.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 5925-5930 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: It has been shown by several groups that Fe layers in epitaxial Fe/Cr sandwiches or multilayers (MLFs) are coupled antiferromagnetically (AF) for very small Cr thicknesses. One way this is manifest in the MLF is that for a fixed Fe thickness (30 A(ring)) the hysteresis curves are progressively flatter as the Cr thickness decreases. This is the opposite behavior to that expected if the Fe layers were uncoupled or ferromagnetically coupled. We have observed the same type of behavior in a series of nominally 21-A(ring) Co/X Cr MLFs where X varies from 14 to 57 A(ring). These MLFs have been well characterized with both x-ray scattering and cross-sectional high-resolution electron microscopy. They are highly polycrystalline, nonideal MLFs with appreciable mixed interfaces. We have determined that Co/Cr MLF have an interface or exchange anisotropy with an average value of ∼7 kOe in a direction opposite to that of the in-plane magnetization. Such an AF interaction is expected from Cr layers having interface thicknesses comparable to that of the pure Cr regions. It provides a natural mechanism for the Cr layers to align the Co layers either AF or FM depending on the local structural details. Both types of alignment are likely to be present in a MLF and the regions having AF alignment will cause the observed flattening of the hysteresis loops. The magnetoresistance of these MLFs has a behavior similar to, but much smaller than, the "giant'' magnetoresistance seen in the epitaxial Fe/Cr MLF and single-crystal Fe whiskers. The magnetoresistance in pure Fe has been attributed to the domain structure and it is likely responsible for this effect in the Co/Cr MLF as well.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 3222-3222 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The hyperfine field distributions of equal layer thickness multilayered films (MLS) having nominal Co layer thicknesses of 21, 28, and 54 A(ring) and total thickness of about 3000 A(ring) have been measured by NMR spin-echo experiments. We have determined the actual thicknesses of the Co layers using saturation magnetization measurements and modelling the interface shape. Defining the Co layer thickness as where the magnetization drops to one-half of that of pure Co, we find that these thicknesses are 14±2, 17±3, and 38±4 A(ring), respectively, for the 21-, 28-, and 54-A(ring) MLS. These thicknesses are quite insensitive to whether the interfacial shape of the composition profile is assumed to be trapezoidal, sinusoidal (Hanning function) or Gaussian. Co atoms in the magnetic portion of the film having one or more nearest-neighbor Cr atoms would be expected to have hyperfine fields that were so different and spread out from that of Co atoms with all near-neighbor Co atoms that they could contribute negligible intensity to the spectra. Thus it was anticipated that the hyperfine field spectra would mainly arise from Co atoms having all Co nearest neighbors and therefore the spectra of all the MLS would be similar. Indeed the spectra obtained for all these MLS, as well as for a pure Co film, are very similar. They have two broad peaks of slightly lower values than those of pure powdered Co (224±1 vs 228 MHz for the wall center resonance and 218±1 MHz vs 220 MHz for the wall edge resonance). The slight decrease of the resonance frequency is reasonable in these thin film MLS.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 3441-3443 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We report a detailed investigation of the temperature T and field H dependence of the magnetization of equal layer thickness Ni-Mn multilayered films with modulation wavelengths of 50(25–25) and 26(13–13) A, and overall film thickness of approximately 1 μm. The dc magnetization was measured for T between 1.6 and 400 K, for H between ±30 kOe using a SHE VTS-968 SQUID magnetometer. Both samples exhibit spin-glass behavior at low temperatures: Cooling the films in an applied magnetic field displaces the hysteresis loop and the saturation magnetization is reduced at low T. Both films undergo a transition to ferromagnetic (FM) behavior as the temperature is increased above ∼20 K. At higher T, the 13–13 A sample behaves like a "normal'' FM, but the 25–25 A film behaves like a "biased'' FM; that is, the hysteresis loop continues to be displaced, along the H axis. The displacement gradually decreases with increasing T. The experimental observations are consistent with there being systematic concentration variations in each compositionally modulated film which give rise to adjacent FM and antiferromagnetic regions as well as an interfacial spin-glass-like region.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1954-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0031-899X
    Electronic ISSN: 1536-6065
    Topics: Physics
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