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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Metamorphic phase equilibria and pressure-temperature-time paths (1993)
    Washington, D.C. : Mineralogical Soc. of America
    Details Availability
    Call number: 11/M 94.0720 ; M 95.0264
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xxii, 799 S.
    ISBN: 0939950340
    Series Statement: Monograph series / Mineralogical Society of America
    Classification:
    Petrology, Petrography
    Language: English
    Location: Reading room
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metamorphic P–T Paths from pelitic schists and greenstones from the south-west Tauern Window, Eastern Alps (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 3 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Petrological data from intercalated pelitic schists and greenstones are used to construct a pressure–temperature path followed by the Upper Schieferhülle (USH) series during progressive metamorphism and uplift in the south-west Tauern Window, Italy. Pseudomorphs of Al–epidote + Fe-epidote + albite + oligoclase + chlorite after lawsonite and data on amphibole crystal chemistry indicate early metamorphism in the lawsonite-albite-chlorite subfacies of the blueschist facies at P± 7–8 kbar. Geothermometry and geobarometry yield conditions of final equilibration of the matrix assemblage of 475±25°C, 5–6 kbar; calculations with plagioclase and phengite inclusions in garnet indicate early garnet growth at pressures of ∼ 7.5 kbar. Garnet zoning patterns are complex and reversals in zoning can be correlated between samples. Thermodynamic modelling of these zoning profiles implies garnet growth in response to four distinct phases of tectonic activity. Fluid inclusion data from coexisting immiscible H2O–CO2–NaCl fluids constrain the uplift path to have passed through temperatures of 380 + 30°C at 1.3 + 0.2 kbar.There is no evidence for metamorphism of USH at pressures greater than ∼ 7.5 kbar in this area of the Tauern Window. This is in contrast to pressures of ± 10 kbar recorded in the Lower Schieferhülle only 2–3 km across strike. A history of differential uplift and thinning of the intervening section during metamorphism is necessary to reconcile the P–T data obtained from these adjacent tectonic units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1985.tb00329.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of diffusional modification of garnet growth zoning on P-T path calculations (1991)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 107 (1991), S. 487-500 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The effect of intragranular diffusion on chemical zoning in garnet and on P-T paths calculated from that zoning was evaluated using a numerical model of multicomponent diffusion in combination with simulations of garnet growth. Syn-and post-growth diffusion of Mg−Fe−Mn−Ca species in garnet was calculated for a model pelitic assemblage over a range of temperatures from 485 to 635°C. Compositions from zoned garnet, as modified by diffusion, hypothetical inclusions of plagioclase within garnet and matrix phases were used to reconstruct pressure-temperature (P-T) paths from isobaric and polybaric model histories. P-T path calculations, based on numerical simulations conducted over an input isobaric heating path that reached peak temperatures between 585 and 635°C, show that relaxation of garnet compositional gradients by diffusion can induce modest to appreciable curvature in the inferred paths. Retrieved paths also indicated somewhat smaller overall temperature changes relative to the actual temperature difference of the input path. The magnitude of these distortions is shown to depend upon the heating and cooling rate and garnet crystal size as well as the actual peak temperature condition. The effect of diffusion on path trajectories in simulations with thermal histories that also included cooling were comparable to heating-only models that reached peak temperatures approximately 15–30°C higher. Compositions of garnets with radii less than 1 mm, that reached actual peak temperatures of 605°C along temperature-time histories characteristic of regional metamorphism, experienced sufficient diffusional relaxation to introduce errors of hundreds of bars to in excess of one kilobar in path trajectories. Path distortions were significant at heating/cooling rates less than 10°C/Ma, but rapidly diminished for rates faster than this. In polybaric simulations diffusion effects were least noticeable when the actual pressure-temperature conditions changed in a clockwise sense (i.e., convex to higher P and higher T), but apprecciable modification was seen in path models that underwent counterclockwise changes in P and T. Reequilibration of garnet rim compositions occurred during cooling on all paths, and temperature maxima obtained from garnet-biotite geothermometry underestimated actual peak conditions by 40 to 70°C. Calculations suggest that P-T path trajectories calculated from garnets of at least 1 mm size, and that experienced actual thermal maxima below 585°C, are not likely to be distorted by diffusional effects during regional metamorphism. However, P-T path reconstructions based on garnet zonation with smaller grains or higher temperatures may lead to misinterpretation of crystallization history. The partitioning record of peak metamorphic temperatures may be destroyed by diffusional reequilibration of garnet rim compositions during cooling, seriously complicating the task of quantitatively estimating diffusion effects on path calculations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310683
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A petrogenetic grid for pelitic schists in the system SiO2-Al2O3-FeO-MgO-K2O-H2O (1989)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 101 (1989), S. 149-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative petrogenetic grid for pelitic schists in the system KFMASH that includes the phases garnet, chlorite, biotite, chloritoid, cordierite, staurolite, talc, kyanite, andalusite, sillimanite, and pyrophyllite (with quartz, H2O and muscovite or K-feldspar in excess) is presented. The grid is based on thermodynamic data of Berman et al. (1985) and Berman (1988) for endmember KFASH and KMASH equilibria and natural Fe-Mg partitioning for the KFMASH system. Calculation of P-T slopes and the change in Fe/(Fe+Mg) along reactions in the KFMASH system were made using the Gibbs method. In addition, the effect on the grid of MnO and CaO is evaluated quantitatively. The resulting grid is consistent with typical Buchan and Barrovian parageneses at medium to high grades. At low grades, the grid predicts an extensive stability field for the paragenesis chloritoid+biotite which arises because of the unusual facing of the reaction chloritoid+biotite + quartz+H2O = garnet+chlorite+muscovite, which proceeds to the right with increasing T in the KFMASH system. However, the reaction proceeds to the left with increasing T in the MnKFASH system so the assemblage chloritoid + biotite is restricted to bulk compositions with high Fe/(Fe+Mg+Mn). Typical metapelites will therefore contain garnet+chlorite at low grades rather than chloritoid + biotite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375302
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Gibbs method and Duhem's theorem: The quantitative relationships among P, T, chemical potential, phase composition and reaction progress in igneous and metamorphic systems (1988)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 99 (1988), S. 249-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Gibbs method permits simultaneous evaluation of the relationships among all intensive thermodynamic variables of a heterogeneous system in equilibrium. Addition of mass balance constraints permits simultaneous evaluation of both intensive and extensive variables so that changes in phase chemistry and modes may be monitored. Assumption of closed system behavior results in a system of equations with two degrees of freedom, regardless of the thermodynamic variance, as specified by Duhem's theorem. Open system behavior increases the number of degrees of freedom by the number of components to which the system is open. The methodology presented is therefore a formal statement of the constraints among the differential of all of the intensive and extensive variables of a heterogeneous system. Examples of the application of this formalism include contouring pressure-temperature space for mineral composition, modal changes and reaction progress; contouring reaction space with pressure, temperature and mineral composition; and calculation of compositional and modal changes of phases for prescribed changes in pressure and temperature, as, for example, in the calculation of synthetic garnet zoning profiles or liquid lines of descent in crystallizing magmas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371465
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metamorphic fractional crystallization and internal metasomatism by diffusional homogenization of zoned garnets (1988)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 99 (1988), S. 507-517 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Metamorphic fractional crystallization involves fractionation of material into the interior of a crystallizing mineral such as garnet with consequent change in the effective bulk composition. In assemblages with thermodynamic variance of 3 or greater, the mineral assemblage, compositions of coexisting phases and the zoning profile preserved in the garnet are a function of the amount of material that is fractionated. Homogenization of zoned garnet by intracrystalline diffusion at elevated temperatures operates on a time scale of millions to tens of millions of years depending on the temperature-time path and radius of the garnet. One effect of homogenization is to drive chemical reactions by a metasomatic mechanism (internal metasomatism), even in the absence of changes in pressure or temperature. This process may affect the appearance or disappearance of minerals, and may, in some rocks, be responsible for the first appearance of kyanite or the disappearance of staurolite in Barrovian terranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371941
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An empirical garnet (YAG) – xenotime thermometer (2000)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 138 (2000), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  A pronounced negative correlation between the yttrium concentration in garnet ([Y]Grt) and temperature has been observed in xenotime (YPO4)-bearing metapelites from central New England, USA. The [Y]Grt decreases roughly two orders of magnitude (∼5500 to less than 100 ppm Y) over a 150 °C interval. A regression of ln([Y]Grt) against estimated reciprocal temperature yields the following relationship: with R2 = 0.97. The decrease in garnet Y content is most rapid over garnet- to staurolite-zone conditions (450–550 °C) and the thermometer has a precision of a few degrees in this range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007662
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amphibole-plagioclase equilibria: An empirical model for the relation albite+tremolite=edenite+4 quartz (1981)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 77 (1981), S. 355-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Equilibria between plagioclase, calcic amphibole and quartz can be described, in part, by the relation among mineral components: NaAlSi3O8+□Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 = NaCa2Mg5AlSi7O22(OH)2+4SiO2; this relation governs the partitioning of Na between plagioclase and the A-site of coexisting amphibole. Data from natural amphibolites reveal that this partitioning is systematic and sensitive to metamorphic grade. The ideal portion of the equilibrium constant (K id = X Na, A/X□, A · X Ab) derived from natural samples is sensitive to bulk composition, inasmuch as both plagioclase and amphibole are highly non-ideal. Samples from a single outcrop have values ranging from 0.5 (X Ab=0.74) to 4.1 (X Ab=0.10). The continuous reaction, NaAlSi3O8+□Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 = NaCa2Mg5AlSi7O22(OH)2+4SiO2, proceeds to the right with increasing grade of metamorphism and for a given bulk composition, K id increases with increasing temperature. Two related discontinuous reactions, actinolite+albite=hornblende+oligoclase+quartz and actinolite+oligoclase=hornblende+anorthite+quartz, also proceed to the right with increasing metamorphic grade and result in changes in the topology of a phase diagram that describes the partitioning of Na between plagioclase and amphibole A-site. A Schreinemakers' net is presented that is consistent with natural occurrences. The results of this study should aid in the delineation of metamorphic facies within amphibolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00371564
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The P-T evolution of the Middle Köli Nappe Complex, Scandinavian Caledonides (68° N) and its tectonic implications (1987)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 95 (1987), S. 512-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Near 68° N the Scandinavian Caledonides are composed of 3 tectonic domains each of which has a different tectonostratigraphy. The lower 2 domains can be related stratigraphically to Scandinavia prior to Caledonian deformation, whereas the highest domain, the Middle Köli Nappe Complex (MKNC) represents a fore-arc accretionary complex that was accreted to Scandinavia during Caledonian deformation. Subsequent to accretion, the flyschoid sediments that dominate the MKNC were metamorphosed to the amphibolite facies. In the area covered by this study, the MKNC is composed of two nappes, a lower Langvatn nappe and an upper Marko nappe, each of which has a unique early metamorphic history. Pelitic mineral assemblages in the Marko nappe constrain the peak P-T to be: 625°〈T〈775° C and P〉7.0 kbars whereas ultramafic mineral assemblages in the lower Langvatn nappe constrain its peak temperature to be 〈580° C. P-T estimates from garnet-biotite and garnet-plagioclase geothermobarometry for both nappes overlap; ranging from 528° C and 6.6 kbars to 620° C and 8.8 kbars, with an average of 567±32° C and 8.0±0.9 kbar. Analysis of garnet zonation profiles from low variance pelitic assemblages from the Marko nappe using the Gibbs method of Spear and Selverstone (1983) suggests that P-T paths showing cooling (37–125° C) and decompression (20–1700 bars) were followed during the development of the outer part of garnet zonation profiles. The slope of these retrograde P-T paths is approximately 15 bars/° C. Because of the high variance of pelitic assemblages from the Langvatn nappe P-T paths have not been determined. The retrograde cooling rate of the Marko nappe has been estimated by numerical modeling of garnet zonation profiles that are interpreted to have formed by volume diffusion during retrograde cooling. This modeling suggests that the Marko nappe cooled very rapidly (25–100° C/m.y.) between the metamorphic peak and the temperature at which cation-exchange reactions closed. The form of Langvatn nappe garnet zonation profiles suggests that it did not undergo this rapid cooling. The cooling rate estimated for the Marko nappe is probably too high to be produced by unroofing alone and may be the result of late metamorphic thrusting and imbrication within the MKNC during which the cooler Langvatn nappe was underthrust beneath the warmer Marko nappe. The metamorphic peak of the Marko nappe therefore predates the peak of the Langvatn nappe. The peak P-T of the Langvatn nappe and the P-T recorded by geothermobarometry (570° C, 8.0 kbar) approximates the conditions under which the two nappes were juxtaposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402209
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A field and theoretical analysis of garnet+chlorite+chloritoid+biotite assemblages from the tri-state (MA, CT, NY) area, USA (1991)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 106 (1991), S. 217-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The prograde evolution of minerals in metapelites of a Barrovian sequence from the tri-state area (Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York) of the Taconic Range involves assemblages with garnet (Ga), chlorite (Ch), chloritoid (Ct), biotite (Bi) and staurolite (St). Detailed petrologic observations, mineral compositions and chemical zoning in garnet show: (1) garnet high in Mn and Fe but low in Mg is stable with chlorite at grades below those where chloritoid+biotite is found; (2) early formed garnet reacted partially to form Ct+Bi at intermediate grades; (3) at higher grades garnet (with low Mn)+chlorite is again produced, at the expense of chloritoid+biotite, suggesting a reversal in the continuous reaction involving the phases Ga, Ch, Ct and Bi. Thermodynamic modeling of the assemblage Ga+Ch+Ct+Bi±St in the MnKFMASH system reveals: (1) in the MnKFASH system the prograde reaction is Ga+Ch=Ct+Bi whereas in the KFMASH system the prograde reaction is the opposite: Ct+Bi=Ga+Ch; (2) the Ga−Ch−Ct−Bi−St invariant point in the KFMASH system occurs twice, at approximately 6.5 kbar, 545° C and 14.8 kbar, 580° C (although one of them may be metastable in a complex phase system); the appearance of the petrogenetic grid is markedly different from that of Albee, but similar to that of Spear and Cheney; (3) as a consequence, in the KFMASH system, chloritoid+biotite are stable over a wide range of P-T conditions whereas garnet+chlorite assemblages are restricted to a narrow band of P-T conditions; (4) MnO increases the stability field of Ga+Ch relative to both Ct+Bi at low temperatures, and St+Bi at high temperatures; (5) in natural samples the occurrence of Ct+Bi is controlled more by bulk Mg−Fe(-Mn) composition than P-T conditions. Specifically, Ct+Bi is restricted to bulk compositions with Fe/(Mg+Fe+Mn)〉∼0.6. Rocks with Fe/(Mg+Fe+Mn)〈∼0.5 are likely to display only chlorite+biotite at low grade. These observations are consistent with Wang and Spear and Spear and Cheney.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306435
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