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Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of the extracellular cadmium sulfide crystallites of Klebsiella aerogenes (1995)

Holmes, Justin D. ; Smith, Peter R. ; Evans-Gowing, Richard ; [et al.]

Springer

Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 143-147

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ISSN: 1432-072X

Keywords: Cadmium sulfide ; Energy dispersive X-ray analysis ; Heavy metals ; Klebsiella aerogenes

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Klebsiella aerogenes forms electron-dense partieles on the cell surface in response to the presence of cadmium ions in the growth medium. These particles ranged from 20 to 200 nm in size, and quantitative energy dispersive X-ray analysis established that they comprise cadmium and sulfur in a 1:1 ratio. This observation leads to the conclusion that the particles are cadmium sulfide crystallites. A combination of atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and acid-labile sulfide analysis revealed that the total intracellular and bound extracellular cadmium:sulfur ratio is also 1:1, which suggests that the bulk of the cadmium is fixed as extracellular cadmium sulfide. The tolerance of K. acrogenes to cadmium ions and the formation of the cadmium sulfide crystallites were dependent on the buffer composition of the growth medium. The addition of cadmium ions to phosphate-buffered media resulted in cadmium phosphate precipitates that remove the potentially toxic cadmium ions from the growth medium. Electrondense particles formed on the surfaces of bacteria grown under these conditions were a combination of cadmium sulfide and cadmium phosphates. The specific bacterial growth rate in the exponential phase of batch cultures was not affected by up to 2mM cadmium in Tricine-buffered medium, but formation of cadmium sulfide crystallites was maximal during the stationary phase of batch culture. Cadmium tolerance was much lower (10 to 150 μM) in growth media buffered with Tris, Bistris propane, Bes, Tes, or Hepes. These results illustrate the importance of considering medium composition when comparing levels of bacterial cadmium tolerance.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381789

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2

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Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of the extracellular cadmium sulfide crystallites of Klebsiella aerogenes (1995)

Holmes, Justin D. ; Smith, Peter R. ; Evans-Gowing, Richard ; [et al.]

Springer

Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 143-147

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ISSN: 1432-072X

Keywords: Key words Cadmium sulfide ; Energy dispersive X-ray ; analysis ; Heavy metals ; Klebsiella aerogenes

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Klebsiella aerogenes forms electron-dense particles on the cell surface in response to the presence of cadmium ions in the growth medium. These particles ranged from 20 to 200 nm in size, and quantitative energy dispersive X-ray analysis established that they comprise cadmium and sulfur in a 1:1 ratio. This observation leads to the conclusion that the particles are cadmium sulfide crystallites. A combination of atomic absorption spectroscopy, induct ively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and acid-labile sulfide analysis revealed that the total intracellular and bound extracellular cadmium:sulfur ratio is also 1:1, which suggests that the bulk of the cadmium is fixed as extracellular cadmium sulfide. The tolerance of K. aerogenes to cadmium ions and the formation of the cadmium sulfide crystallites were dependent on the buffer composition of the growth medium. The addition of cadmium ions to phosphate-buffered media resulted in cadmium phospha te precipitates that remove the potentially toxic cadmium ions from the growth medium. Electron-dense particles formed on the surfaces of bacteria grown under these conditions were a combination of cadmium sulfide and cadmium phosphates. The specific bacterial growth rate in the exponential phase of batch cultures was not affected by up to 2 mM cadmium in Tricine-buffered medium, but formation of cadmium sulfide crystallites was maximal during the stationary phase of batch culture. Cadmium tolerance was muc h lower (10 to 150 μM) in growth media buffered with Tris, Bistris propane, Bes, Tes, or Hepes. These results illustrate the importance of considering medium composition when comparing levels of bacterial cadmium tolerance.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381789

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3

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In0.53Ga0.47As p-i-n photodiodes with transparent cadmium tin oxide contacts (1992)

Berger, Paul R. ; Dutta, Niloy K. ; Zydzik, George ; [et al.]

Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Applied Physics Letters 61 (1992), S. 1673-1675

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ISSN: 1077-3118

Source: AIP Digital Archive

Topics: Physics

Notes: A new type of p-i-n In0.53Ga0.47As photodiode having an optically transparent composite top electrode consisting of a thin semitransparent metal layer and a transparent cadmium tin oxide (CTO) layer was investigated. The composite functions as the n or p contact, an optical window, and an antireflection coating. The transparent contact also prevents shadowing of the active layer by the top electrode, thus allowing greater collection of incident light. Since the CTO contact is nonalloyed, interdiffusion into the i-region is not relevant avoiding an increased dark current. The photodiodes exhibited leakage currents of ≤8 nA and some as low as 23 pA, with reverse breakdown voltages of ≥15–17 V. Responsivity was measured using a 1.55 μm InGaAsP diode laser focused onto an unpassivated 60 μm diam p-i-n photodiode and was ≥0.41 A/W. Photoresponse of the diodes to 3 ps pulses from a Nd:YLF laser (λ=1.047 μm) was 169 and 86 ps for the 60 and 9 μm diodes, respectively. The maximum frequency response of the 9 μm diode is packaging limited, and is expected to have an intrinsic response time of 20–30 ps.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.108447

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4

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Multiscale periodic structure in the lo wake (1989)

Smith, Peter R. ; Wright, Andrew N.

[s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group

Nature 339 (1989), S. 726-726

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ISSN: 1476-4687

Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Notes: [Auszug] As a result of production errors, this letter in the 8 June issue was reproduced without showing the authors' affiliations. Apologies are due. This omission is corrected above and in reprints available from the ...

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/339726a0

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Development of the blood vascular system in Sabellaria cementarium (Annelida, Polychaeta) (1986)

Smith, Peter R.

Springer

Zoomorphology 106 (1986), S. 67-74

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ISSN: 1432-234X

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary The development of the blood vascular system (BVS) in larvae of the polychaete (Sabellaria cementarium was studied by light and electron microscopy. BVS formation begins in the metatrochophore, concomitant with onset of segmentation, and all major vessels and sinuses of the BVS have formed by the nectochaeta stage. Blood vessels form de novo by a separation of apposing basal extracellular matrices (ECM) of adjacent myoepithelial peritoneal cell layers, and blood sinuses also form de novo by a separation of the basal ECM of peritoneal cells from the basal ECM of the gut epithelium. Blood vessels and sinuses are lined only by the ECM of overlying cell layers. Podocytes are present overlying lateral esophageal and ventro-lateral trunk blood vessels. The results support the blastocoel theory of Lang (1904) and the “segmentation hypothesis” and structural model of Ruppert and Carle (1983) which presents the BVS of triploblastic Metazoa as a developmental and evolutionary modification of the basal ECM of overlying cell layers and argues that the adaptive significance of the BVS is to bypass septal partitions with a fluid transport system.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00312109

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6

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Immunocytochemical localization of amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in the lower intestine of the hen (1993)

Smith, Peter R. ; Bradford, Anne Lynn ; Dantzer, Vibeke ; [et al.]

Springer

Cell & tissue research 272 (1993), S. 129-136

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ISSN: 1432-0878

Keywords: Colon ; Immunocytochemistry ; Intestine large ; Ionic regulation ; Na+ ; Domestic fowl

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract We have used polyclonal antibodies generated against purified bovine renal amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels to localize amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels within the lower intestine (colon and coprodeum) of the hen. These antibodies cross-reacted with two polypeptides exhibiting Mr's of 235 and 150 kDa on immunoblots of detergent-solubilized apical membrane fractions from both the colon and coprodeum. The apparent molecular masses of theses polypeptides are in agreement with the Mr's of 2 of the subunits of the renal high amiloride-affintiy Na+ channel, namely the α and the β(=amiloride binding) subunits. The cellular distribution of Na+ channels was determined by immunoperoxidase and indirect immunofluorescence cytochemical techniques. The apical (luminal) membrane and cytoplasm of villar principal cells in both colon and coprodeum exhibited immunoreactivity, whereas goblet cells were nagative. Both principal and goblet cells of the crypts were also negative. We conclude that the amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels are localized to the principal cells of the intestinal villi and that these cells are responsible for intestinal Na+ absorption.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00323578

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7

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Ultrastructure of the body cavity lining in a secondary acoelomate, Microphthalmus cf. Listensis westheide (Polychaeta: Hesionidae) (1986)

Smith, Peter R. ; Lombardi, Julian ; Rieger, Reinhard M.

New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Morphology 188 (1986), S. 257-271

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ISSN: 0362-2525

Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: The organization of the body cavity lining in selected regions of the juvenile and adult of the interstitial hesionid polychaete Microphthalmus cf. listensis is described. Tissues comprising the body cavity lining in the juvenile consist of somatic and splanchnic circular and longitudinal muscles and undifferentiated cells. Somatic and splanchnic cell layers exhibit epithelial ( = eucoelomate) organization in the pharyngeal region. In the midbody, some undifferentiated cells exhibiting mesenchymal organization persist among the epithelially organized somatic and splanchnic cells, forming a gradation between eucoelomate and acoelomate tissue organizations. A coelomic cavity is absent. Tissues comprising the body cavity lining of the adult consist of somatic and splanchnic circular and longitudinal myocytes and coelenchymal cells. Coelenchymal cells are shown from serial section analysis to be mesenchymal in organization and derived from the somatic peritoneum. A 30-65-nm coelomic cavity lies between the apices of somatic and splanchnic cell layers in the pharyngeal region. In the anterior setigerous segments, the coelom is reduced to a narrow cavity surrounded by coelenchymal cells lying midventrally between the paired ejaculatory ducts. There is a regional obliteration of the splanchnic musculature in the posterior segments so that apices of the coelenchymal cells lie in direct apposition to the basal extracellular matrix of the gut. The coeom is only present middorsally as a 0.7-μm-wide cavity. Although the coelomic cavity is highly reduced in the adult, the body cavity lining still reveals its origin from the epithelial ( = eucoelomate) organization. The findings of this study illustrate possible organizational intermediates in the evolution of the acoelomate from the eucoelomate condition in annelids.

Additional Material: 8 Ill.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051880302

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Ultrastructure of the pseudobranch in the euryhaline Cyprinodontid fish, Rivulus marmoratus (1993)

King, Judy A. C. ; Smith, Peter R. ; Ashcraft, Jan C. ; [et al.]

New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell

Journal of Morphology 218 (1993), S. 127-142

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ISSN: 0362-2525

Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology

Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: The ultrastructure of the pseudobranch of the euryhaline, self-fertilizing fish, Rivulus marmoratus (Cyprinodontidae) was studied with thin sectio and freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy. In specimens raised from birth in 1% or 200% seawater, the pseudobranch contains two mitochondria-rich cell types, pseudobranchial cells and chloride cells, each of which has an extensive tubular system. Chloride cells only occur on the lateral aspects of the pseudobranch, with their apical crypts open to the environment. Apical crypt invagination to a “pit” structure and multicellular complexes occur in both salinity extremes. The ultrastructure of chloride cells in 1% and 200% SW is consistent with that described previously in the opercular epithelium, opercular skin, and gill of this species; elaboration of mitochondria and basolateral membrane accompanies increased environmental salinity (King et al.: Cell and Tissue Research 257:367-377, 1989). Pseudobranchial cells constitute the majority of the cells; they do not extend to the surface but have a more organized tubular system that is continuous with the basal membrane. These cells do not exhibit ultrastructural changes in response to increased salinity. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Additional Material: 26 Ill.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052180203

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