ALBERT

Description: This dataset is associated with Phelps et al. (2019) and is comprised of archaeological information from Holocene faunal assemblages in Africa, including assemblage, radiocarbon and taxonomic information. This dataset was modified from Jousse 2017 and associated datasets compiled by H. Jousse.

Description: Movies: for all mapped movies (movie S1 - S6): white circles indicate the presence of a pollen record; blue dots indicate archaeological remains of wild terrestrial ungulates; and red dots indicate the remains of domestic animals. The distribution of the faunal remains was based on summed probability distributions of radiocarbon dates at 100-year time intervals (see Phelps et al. in press for further methodological information). Movie S1a: The climatic envelope of forest mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with WorldClim data (black background). Movie S1b: The climatic envelope of forest mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with WorldClim data (white background). Movie S1c: The climatic envelope of forest mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with TraCE-21ka climate information (black background). Movie S1d: The climatic envelope of forest taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with TraCE-21ka climate information (white background). Movie S1e: The climatic envelope of forest taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, WorldClim data (black background). Movie S1f: The climatic envelope of forest taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, WorldClim data (white background). Movie S1g: The climatic envelope of forest taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, TraCE-21ka climate information (black background). Movie S1h: The climatic envelope of forest taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, TraCE-21ka climate information (white background). ______________________________________________________________________________________ Movie S2a: The climatic envelope of grassy biomes (savanna- and steppe-associated taxa) mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with WorldClim data (black background). Movie S2b: The climatic envelope of grassy biomes (savanna- and steppe-associated taxa) mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with WorldClim data (white background). Movie S2c: The climatic envelope of grassy biomes (savanna- and steppe-associated taxa) mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with TraCE-21ka climate information (black background). Movie S2d: The climatic envelope of grassy biomes (savanna- and steppe-associated taxa) mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with TraCE-21ka climate information (white background). ______________________________________________________________________________________ Movie S3a: The climatic envelope of savanna-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, WorldClim data (black background). Movie S3b: The climatic envelope of savanna-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, WorldClim data (white background). Movie S3c: The climatic envelope of savanna-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, TraCE-21ka climate information (black background). Movie S3d: The climatic envelope of savanna-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, TraCE-21ka climate information (white background). ______________________________________________________________________________________ Movie S4a: The climatic envelope of steppe-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, WorldClim data (black background). Movie S4b: The climatic envelope of steppe-associated taxa mapped mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, WorldClim data (white background). Movie S4c: The climatic envelope of steppe-associated taxa mapped mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, TraCE-21ka climate information (black background). Movie S4d: The climatic envelope of steppe-associated taxa mapped mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, TraCE-21ka climate information (white background). ______________________________________________________________________________________ Movie S5a: The climatic envelope of desert-associated taxa mapped mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with WorldClim data (black background). Movie S5b: The climatic envelope of desert-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with WorldClim data (white background). Movie S5c: The climatic envelope of desert-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with TraCE-21ka climate information (black background). Movie S5d: The climatic envelope of desert-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with TraCE-21ka climate information (white background). Movie S5e: The climatic envelope of desert-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, WorldClim data (black background). Movie S5f: The climatic envelope of desert-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, WorldClim data (white background). Movie S5g: The climatic envelope of desert-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, TraCE-21ka climate information (black background). Movie S5h: The climatic envelope of desert-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, TraCE-21ka climate information (white background). ______________________________________________________________________________________ Movie S6a: The climatic envelope of xeric-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with WorldClim data (black background). Movie S6b: The climatic envelope of xeric-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with WorldClim data (white background). Movie S6c: The climatic envelope of xeric-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with TraCE-21ka climate information (black background). Movie S6d: The climatic envelope of xeric-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the direct methodology with TraCE-21ka climate information (white background). Movie S6e: The climatic envelope of xeric-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, WorldClim data (black background). Movie S6f: The climatic envelope of xeric-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, WorldClim data (white background). Movie S6g: The climatic envelope of xeric-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, TraCE-21ka climate information (black background). Movie S6h: The climatic envelope of xeric-associated taxa mapped at 100-year intervals, using the indirect methodology, TraCE-21ka climate information (white background). ______________________________________________________________________________________ Movie S7a: Multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS) analyses plotted in geographic space using the direct methodology with repeated, modern-day WorldClim data. White areas demonstrate neutrality: i.e., neither similarity nor dissimilarity. Movie S7b: Multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS) analyses plotted in geographic space using the direct methodology with TraCE-21ka climate information. White areas demonstrate neutrality: i.e., neither similarity nor dissimilarity. Movie S7c: Multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS) analyses plotted in geographic space using the indirect methodology with repeated, modern-day WorldClim data. White areas demonstrate neutrality: i.e., neither similarity nor dissimilarity. Movie S7d: Multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS) analyses plotted in geographic space using the indirect methodology with TraCE-21ka climate information. White areas demonstrate neutrality: i.e., neither similarity nor dissimilarity. ______________________________________________________________________________________ Movie S8a: Climatic envelope overlap between forest and grassy biomes (savanna and steppe) plotted in climate space. Envelopes were generated using the direct methodology and TraCE-21ka climate information. Red areas indicate the presence of grassy biomes only, whereas purple indicates overlap between grassy biomes and forest. For reference to the climatic variables used to define the climate space, see the TraCE-21ka correlation circle in figure A2. Movie S8b: Climatic envelope overlap between forest and savanna only, plotted in climate space. Envelopes were generated using the indirect methodology and TraCE-21ka climate information. Red areas indicate the presence of savanna only, whereas purple indicates overlap between savanna and forest. For reference to the climatic variables used, see the TraCE-21ka correlation circle in figure A2.

Description: The Azores archipelago is a group of nine oceanic volcanic islands located in the mid-North Atlantic, roughly 1500 km from Europe and 1900 km from America. Lake Azul located in São Miguel island has a surface area of 4.35 km, 28m of maximum depth and is located at 259m above sea level. A coring campaign was conducted in September 2011 using a 60mm diameter UWITEC gravity corer from UWITEC floating platform retrieving a Core AZ11_02 (1.70 m long) located in the deep basin of the lake (27m depth). The core was dated using ¹⁴C and produced a multi-proxy dataset of geochemical and biological analyses that we used to uncover paleoenvironmental changes on Lake Azul in the last 660 years.

Description: The Azores archipelago is a group of nine oceanic volcanic islands located in the mid-North Atlantic, roughly 1500 km from Europe and 1900 km from America. Lake Caldeirão is situated in the central caldeira of Corvo Island at 399 m altitude. A coring campaign was conducted in June 2017 using a 60mm diameter UWITEC gravity corer from UWITEC floating platform retrieving a core (4.60 m long) located in the deepest part of the lake. The core was dated using ¹⁴C and produced a multi-proxy dataset of geochemical and biological analyses that we used to uncover paleoenvironmental changes on Lake Caldeirão in the last 1500 years

Description: This dataset is associated with Phelps et al. (2020, DOI: 10.1111/ecog.04990), and is comprised of paleoecological information from African subfossil pollen assemblages over the past 20,000 years. Data includes the following information: Appendix 1: a list of collated sites from the APD, EPD, and other publications Appendix 2: a list of collated entities from the APD, EPD, and other publications Appendix 3: a list of citations for each entity in appendix 2, whether analyzed or not Appendix 4: a harmonized taxa list with original taxa names and numbers Appendix 5: a list of collated samples from the APD, EPD, and other publications Appendix 6: a list of counts from the APD, EPD, ACER, and other publications Appendix 7: a list of dates (14C, etc) from the APD, EPD, ACER, and other publications Appendix 8: a list of CLAM outputs calculated (Blaauw 2010) from the list of radiocarbon dates Appendix 9: a harmonized biomization scheme for "direct" and "indirect" methods For use of these datasets, associated publications (see appendix 3) and databases should be cited: The African Pollen Database (APD: Vincens et al. 2007, http://fpd.sedoo.fr/fpd/bibli.do) The European Pollen Database (EPD: Fyfe et al. 2009, http://www.europeanpollendatabase.net/getdata/) The ACER Pollen and Charcoal Database (Sánchez Goñi et al. 2017) Additional information was added to these appendices in association with the following publications (note: information was extracted from publications and/or contributed by authors): Brenac 1988, Burrough & Willis 2015, Chase et al. 2015b, Cheddadi et al. 2015, 2016, 2017, Cordova et al. 2017, Giresse et al. 1994, Lim et al. 2016, Maley 1991, Maley & Brenac 1998, Metwally et al. 2014, Quick et al. 2016, 2018, Valsecchi et al. 2013, Waller et al. 2007. The harmonized biomization scheme (appendix 9), is based on six primary publications: Jolly et al. 1998, Elenga et al. 2000, Vincens et al. 2006, Vincens et al. 2007, Lebamba et al. 2009, Lézine et al. 2009, with reference to the African Plant Database (version 3.4.0).

Description: Past global climate changes had strong regional expression. To elucidate their spatio-temporal pattern, we reconstructed past temperatures for seven continental-scale regions during the past one to two millennia. The most coherent feature in nearly all of the regional temperature reconstructions is a long-term cooling trend, which ended late in the nineteenth century. At multi-decadal to centennial scales, temperature variability shows distinctly different regional patterns, with more similarity within each hemisphere than between them. There were no globally synchronous multi-decadal warm or cold intervals that define a worldwide Medieval Warm Period or Little Ice Age, but all reconstructions show generally cold conditions between ad 1580 and 1880, punctuated in some regions by warm decades during the eighteenth century. The transition to these colder conditions occurred earlier in the Arctic, Europe and Asia than in North America or the Southern Hemisphere regions. Recent warming reversed the long-term cooling; during the period ad 1971–2000, the area-weighted average reconstructed temperature was higher than any other time in nearly 1,400 years.

Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 10 (2009): Q03012, doi:10.1029/2008GC002221.

Description: Recently, two new proxies based on the distribution of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) were proposed, i.e., the TEX86 proxy for sea surface temperature reconstructions and the BIT index for reconstructing soil organic matter input to the ocean. In this study, fifteen laboratories participated in a round robin study of two sediment extracts with a range of TEX86 and BIT values to test the analytical reproducibility and repeatability in analyzing these proxies. For TEX86 the repeatability, indicating intra-laboratory variation, was 0.028 and 0.017 for the two sediment extracts or ±1–2°C when translated to temperature. The reproducibility, indicating among-laboratory variation, of TEX86 measurements was substantially higher, i.e., 0.050 and 0.067 or ±3–4°C when translated to temperature. The latter values are higher than those obtained in round robin studies of Mg/Ca and U37 k′ paleothermometers, suggesting the need to primarily improve compatibility between labs. The repeatability of BIT measurements for the sediment with substantial amounts of soil organic matter input was relatively small, 0.029, but reproducibility was large, 0.410. This large variance could not be attributed to specific equipment used or a particular data treatment. We suggest that this may be caused by the large difference in the molecular weight in the GDGTs used in the BIT index, i.e., crenarchaeol versus the branched GDGTs. Potentially, this difference gives rise to variable responses in the different mass spectrometers used. Calibration using authentic standards is needed to establish compatibility between labs performing BIT measurements.

Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2008. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 9 (2008): Q02016, doi:10.1029/2007GC001800.

Description: The utility of elemental mapping by scanning X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in the study of annual laminated sedimentary records was investigated on eight annually laminated sediment types. The examples were chosen to illustrate the potential of this approach in environments dominated by terrigenous, biological and chemical deposition. Individual laminae were identifiable in elemental maps of all sediment types and were enhanced through the use of data reduction techniques (e.g., principal components transformation). Laminae were least apparent in clastic dominated systems with no seasonal changes in sediment sources. In biologically dominated systems, element maps provided insights into the composition of the varve subcomponents, related to alternating terrigenous and biologically dominated seasonal periods of deposition. Chemically precipitated structures were more prevalent than expected from visual investigations alone and may provide an underutilized paleoenvironmental signature of changing limnological conditions. Elemental mapping offers a valuable tool for the study of laminated records that complements existing techniques (e.g., SEM, digital image analysis).

Description: Funding was provided through NSF Earth System History grants and an NSF Instrumentation grant awarded to J.T.O.