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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 27 (1955), S. 1255-1256 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 76 (1997), S. 11-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The motor units of a skeletal muscle may be recruited according to different strategies. From all possible recruitment strategies nature selected the simplest one: in most actions of vertebrate skeletal muscles the recruitment of its motor units is by increasing size. This so-called size principle permits a high precision in muscle force generation since small muscle forces are produced exclusively by small motor units. Larger motor units are activated only if the total muscle force has already reached certain critical levels. We show that this recruitment by size is not only optimal in precision but also optimal in an information theoretical sense. We consider the motoneuron pool as an encoder generating a parallel binary code from a common input to that pool. The generated motoneuron code is sent down through the motoneuron axons to the muscle. We establish that an optimization of this motoneuron code with respect to its information content is equivalent to the recruitment of motor units by size. Moreover, maximal information content of the motoneuron code is equivalent to a minimal expected error in muscle force generation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Communications 27 (1978), S. 617-621 
    ISSN: 0038-1098
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Communications 26 (1978), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 0038-1098
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calculus of variations and partial differential equations 3 (1995), S. 343-384 
    ISSN: 1432-0835
    Keywords: 58C20 ; 46G05 ; 26B25
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Given aZ n+1-periodic variational principle onR n+1 we look for solutionsu:R n →R minimizing the variational integral with respect to compactly supported variations. To every vector α εR n we consider a subset ℳα of solutions which have an average slope α when averaging overR n. The minimal average action A(α) is defined by the average value of the variational integral given by a solution with average slope α. Our main result is:A is differentiable at α if and only if the set ℳα is totally ordered (in the natural sense). In case that ℳα is not totally ordered,A is differentiable at α in some direction βε R n{0} if and only if β is orthogonal to the subspace defined by the rational dependency of α. Assuming that the ith component of α is rational with denominator si εN in lowest terms, we show: The difference of right- and left-sided derivative in the ith standard unit direction is bounded by const · $$\tfrac{1}{{s^i }}$$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 42 (1991), S. 527-546 
    ISSN: 1420-9039
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider regular and Cantor-like minimal foliations of the (n+1)-dimensional TorusT n+1 whose leaves minimize a given variational integral. Each leaf of such a generalized foliation lies in the universal coveringR n+1 within a finite distance to the affine leaves (z, αx+β) of fixed α εR n . We show that the conjugation-functionU α (x,θ), mapping the affine leaves (x, αx+β) into the leaves(x,U α (x,xα+β)) of the generalized foliation, is itself a minimal solution of an extended degenerate variational problem onT n +1. If α ∈R n /Q n the functionU α is characterized in a unique way as (discontinuous) limit of the minimal solutions of the corresponding regularized problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 74 (1995), S. 321-340 
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A correction model for eddy correlation flux measurements is developed and applied to nitrogen dioxide flux measurements obtained from a SOLENT sonic anemometer and a Scintrex Luminox LMA-3 analyser for NO2. Four field campaigns were carried out near the village of Merenschwand in Central Switzerland from which two were selected for further analysis in this paper. The need for the correction of measured eddy covariance fluxes arises due to the damping loss of the NO2 analyser at high frequencies. This damping loss is described by an analogy to inductance in an electronical alternating current circuit. The independent variables in the correction model are:z (measuring height above zero-plane displacement), $$\bar u$$ (mean horizontal wind speed), ζ (Monin-Obukhov stability parameter),f (natural frequency) and inductanceL. The value for inductanceL can be derived from spectral and cospectral analysis. The theoretical cospectrum of an ideal measurement is taken from Kaimalet al. (1972) and extended with a damping term in order to describe the real measurements of the cospectrum. The inductanceL of the LMA-3 with a 0.6 cm teflon aspiration tube of 5 m length lies in the order of 0.30 to 0.35 for the dataset from Merenschwand. With this inductance, a correction factor of 1.17 in August/September 1992 and of 1.18 in May 1993 was determined for the NO2 flux maxima during daytime. The range of the correction factor is 1.05 to 1.31 for the mean daily cycles of both datasets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical methods of operations research 23 (1979), S. 269-273 
    ISSN: 1432-5217
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract It is shown thatSteckhan's concept [Steckhan] of maximal flows and minimal cuts in “networks with pressure and suction” can be formulated as an ordinary maximal flow problem.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In seinem Aufsatz „Engpässe, Staustellen und glatte homogene Ströme in Netzen“ hatSteckhan ein Konzept entwickelt, mit dem in einem zweiseitig beschränkten Netz ein maximaler Fluß mit Sog und Stau in den Knoten ermittelt und damit ein Schnitt minimaler Kapazität definiert werden kann. — In dieser Arbeit wird gezeigt, daß man die vonSteckhan definierten Schnitte auch mit Hilfe der gewöhnlichen Flußmaximierung erhält.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für angewandte Mathematik und Physik 49 (1998), S. 919-933 
    ISSN: 0044-2275
    Keywords: Key words. Crystal shape, surface tension, stable norm, dual unit ball, minimal average action, differentiability properties, convexity.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The equilibrium form of a crystal is the shape which minimizes the total surface tension for a given volume. The surface tension itself is considered to be a function of the orientation of the crystal face within the crystal lattice. This function of orientation is identified with the stable norm on the second homology classes of a Riemannian 3-torus. Minimizing the total surface tension of the crystal leads to an equilibrium form which corresponds to the dual unit ball of the stable norm. We outline the connection between surface tension and stable norm and interpret the differentiability properties of the stable norm in terms of the crystal shape. The differentiability properties, in particular, prove Sohnke's reciprocity law estimating the size of crystal faces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1978-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0038-1098
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2766
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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