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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermally stable high molecular weight polyoxymethylenes (1959)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1 (1959), S. 158-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In this, the first of a series of five papers, the historical development of formaldehyde polymers, beginning with the work of Butlerov and continuing through the investigations of Staudinger and his collaborators, is reviewed. Recent studies in these laboratories have led to thermally stable high polymers of formaldehyde. Initiators and the role of impurities in the polymerization are described. An explanation is offered to account for differences in thermal stabilities between old and new polymers. Esterification, by which further increases in thermal stability are achieved, is described. It is proposed that the generic term “acetal resin” be used to described high polymers that are composed of repeating oxymethylene units.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1959.070010205
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Spatial distribution of Crustacea and associated organisms in the Luoping Biota (Anisian, Middle Triassic), Yunnan Province, China: evidence of periodic mass kills (2016)
    Paleontological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-12
    Description: The distribution of all recognized biotic elements was mapped on five extensive surfaces of the Middle Triassic Guanling Formation exposed in quarries near Luoping, Yunnan Province, China. A 0.5 m 2 grid was overlain on the surfaces, and all recognizable fossils were located by placing them in one of nine quadrants within the grid. A total of 240 m 2 were mapped, and each specimen observed was recorded as one of 15 categories, subsequently grouped as pelagic, benthic, and other (bone, trace fossils, algae). The pelagic component, fish, thylacocephalans, and mysidaceans, dominated all layers. The benthic component was sparse on all surfaces; epifaunal, vagrant organisms were the dominant forms, suggesting that the substrate was unsuitable for infaunal and sessile epifaunal organisms. Shrimp and bivalves dominated the benthic organisms. Two of the surfaces were overwhelmingly dominated by mysidaceans, and one was dominated by thylacocephalans, suggesting that their remains documented periodic mass kills of swarming, pelagic organisms. Scanning electron microscope analysis of the bedding surfaces revealed nothing remarkable about the sediment, suggesting that the cause of death of the organisms was likely due to an event within the water column, possibly an algae bloom, not recorded in the sediment record.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3360
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-2337
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Paleontological Society
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  • 3
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    Ceratiocaris from the Silurian Waukesha Biota, Wisconsin (2016)
    Paleontological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-12
    Description: Phyllocarids of the Waukesha Biota were systematically and taphonomically evaluated. Three Ceratiocaris species are present in the biota: C. macroura Collette and Rudkin, 2010; C. papilio Salter in Murchison, 1859; and C. pusilla Matthew, 1889. Specimens range in completeness from nearly complete, including the cephalic to caudal regions, to isolated telsons and furcae. Evidence of Salter’s position is present in only three specimens. Relatively complete specimens are interpreted to represent corpses, rather than molts; whereas specimens including only the pleon and caudal region, or caudal region, and specimens with evidence of Salter’s position likely represent exuviae. Specimens are preserved essentially as compression fossils exhibiting two types of preserved cuticle: brown inner cuticle, which tends to be impressed over the topography of bedding planes on which specimens are preserved, and blue-gray phosphatized cuticle exhibiting sub-millimeter scale relief. Cuticle phosphatization likely occurred during early diagenesis. The presence of characteristic near-shore species and C. pusilla , only known from turbidite facies, interpreted to possibly represent a marine trough, suggests that the Waukesha phyllocarid assemblage might represent a transported assemblage, rather than a biota, or that C. pusilla from the Jones Creek Formation was transported basinward in sediment gravity flows.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3360
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-2337
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Paleontological Society
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  • 4
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    Exceptional preservation of mid-Cretaceous marine arthropods and the evolution of novel forms via heterochrony (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Evolutionary origins of novel forms are often obscure because early and transitional fossils tend to be rare, poorly preserved, or lack proper phylogenetic contexts. We describe a new, exceptionally preserved enigmatic crab from the mid-Cretaceous of Colombia and the United States, whose completeness illuminates the early disparity of the group and the origins of novel forms. Its large and unprotected compound eyes, small fusiform body, and leg-like mouthparts suggest larval trait retention into adulthood via heterochronic development (pedomorphosis), while its large oar-like legs represent the earliest known adaptations in crabs for active swimming. Our phylogenetic analyses, including representatives of all major lineages of fossil and extant crabs, challenge conventional views of their evolution by revealing multiple convergent losses of a typical "crab-like" body plan since the Early Cretaceous. These parallel morphological transformations may be associated with repeated invasions of novel environments, including the pelagic/necto-benthic zone in this pedomorphic chimera crab.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    The influence of reefs on the rise of Mesozoic marine crustaceans (2013)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-24
    Description: Ecosystems changed dramatically during the Mesozoic marine revolution, including the rise of decapod crustaceans such as lobsters, shrimp, true crabs, and squat lobsters. However, quantitative patterns of decapod biodiversity through geological time are virtually unknown. This hampers our understanding of their importance in past ecosystems and timing and causes of their radiations and extinctions. Based on our compilation of ~1300 Mesozoic decapod species, we document a long-term shift in diversity of dominant groups, marked by the first appearance and increasing presence of true crabs and, to a lesser extent, squat lobsters. By the end of the Mesozoic, true crabs became the primary contributor to decapod diversity, a pattern that has persisted until the present time. This "Mesozoic decapod revolution" was advanced by a major radiation of reef-dwelling crabs, which coincided with a dramatic expansion of reefs in the Late Jurassic. The subsequent collapse of reefs near the end of the Jurassic was mirrored by a sharp (albeit temporary) drop in decapod diversity driven primarily by extinctions of numerous species of crabs. This concurrent decline also suggests that decapods inhabiting reefs, especially obligatory reef dwellers, may face elevated extinction risks today as reef ecosystems continue to deteriorate. The reef-related diversification of Late Jurassic decapods and the significant correlation between decapod diversity and reef abundance throughout the Mesozoic underscore the macroevolutionary importance of biotic interactions and ecosystem engineering.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 6
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    The first Paleozoic stenopodidean from the Huntley Mountain Formation (Devonian-Carboniferous), north-central Pennsylvania (2014)
    Paleontological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-15
    Description: A bstract A single specimen of a shrimp-like crustacean, Devonostenopus pennsylvaniensis , new genus and species is described from the Huntley Mountain Formation, which is Devonian–Carboniferous (Mississippian) in age. The specimen was collected in north-central Pennsylvania. Devonostenopus pennsylvaniensis is attributed to Stenopodidae. Co-occurrence of the specimen with pinnules of Archaeopteris halliana Goeppert, 1852 , suggests that it is Devonian in age. Occurrence of a stenopodidean in the Devonian of North America is significant, as only three definitive decapods have been previously described from the Paleozoic and only two have been described from the Devonian. The earliest stenopodideans described to date are Cretaceous (Cenomanian and Santonian) in age. As such, Devonostenopus pennsylvaniensis extends the geologic range of Stenopodidea from Cretaceous to Late Devonian. Occurrence of a stenopodidean in the Devonian of North America, as well as the occurrence of the only two other known Devonian decapods in North America, suggests that Laurentia might have been a major area of endemism for Devonian decapods.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3360
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-2337
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Paleontological Society
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  • 7
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    A New Shrimp (Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata, Penaeoidea) from the Middle Triassic of Yunnan, Southwest China (2013)
    Paleontological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-20
    Description: A bstract A new penaeoid shrimp collected from the Middle Triassic Member II of the Guanling Formation in the vicinity of the city of Luxi, Yunnan, southwest China, is a new species, Aeger luxii n. sp. The new species possesses prominent spinose third maxillipeds, which is one of the typical characteristics of Aeger . The new species differs from the type species, Aeger tipularius from the Jurassic Solnhofen Plattenkalk, in having a long, smooth rostrum with no subrostral spines. The new taxon increases the diversity of Chinese decapods, and further expands our knowledge of the phylogeny and evolution of the Mesozoic decapods. The find is the first complete specimen of Aeger in the Middle Triassic, and reveals a close biogeographic connection of the marine ecosystem between Eastern and Western Tethys.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3360
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-2337
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Paleontological Society
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  • 8
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    Earliest occurrence of lophogastrid mysidacean arthropods (Crustacea, Eucopiidae) from the Anisian Luoping Biota, Yunnan Province, China (2016)
    Paleontological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-22
    Description: Tiny, pelagic arthropods from the Anisian Luoping Biota exposed in two quarries near Luoping, Yunnan Province, China, represent the numerically most abundant organisms in the assemblage. They form the basis for definition of two, and possibly three, species referred to the order Lophogastrida, family Eucopiidae. Yunnanocopia grandis new genus new species and Y . longicauda n. gen. new species represent the oldest occurrence of mysidaceans in the fossil record. Their anatomy allies them with the Ladinian species Schimperella acanthocercus Taylor, Schram, and Shen, 2001, from Guizhou Province, China, which previously was thought to be the oldest lophogastrid, and with extant species of Eucopiidae. Their appearance in the Anisian represents one additional element of the early faunal radiation within the Luoping Biota following the end-Permian extinction event. Presence of well-preserved oostegites, along with other morphological features, documents a conservative bauplan expressed in Eucopiidae.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3360
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-2337
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Paleontological Society
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  • 9
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    Penaeoid Decapoda (Dendrobranchiata) from the Luoping Biota (Middle Triassic) of China: systematics and taphonomic framework (2014)
    Paleontological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-17
    Description: A bstract Two new genera, Anisaeger and Distaeger , and three new species, Anisaeger brevirostrus , A. spiniferus , and Distaeger prodigiosus , extend the range of the Aegeridae (Dendrobranchiata, Penaeoidea) into the Middle Triassic (Anisian) of China. Seven decapod crustacean species are now known from the Luoping biota of southern China. Morphological features of shrimp that are present but rarely mentioned in the neontological literature are recognized as potentially useful in classifying fossil material, including a diaeresis on the exopod of the uropods and multiarticulate flagellae on pleopods. Unusual taphonomic features of the shrimp include fractured cuticle, preservation in lateral, dorsal, and ventral position, and twisted cephalothoraxes.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3360
    Electronic ISSN: 1937-2337
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Paleontological Society
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  • 10
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    FORMATION OF LOBSTER-BEARING CONCRETIONS IN THE LATE CRETACEOUS BEARPAW SHALE, MONTANA, UNITED STATES, IN A COMPLEX GEOCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT (2013)
    Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
    In: PALAIOS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-01-05
    Description: Eleven concretions containing the nephropid lobster, Palaeonephrops browni ( Whitfield, 1907 ), from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian), Bearpaw Formation in northeastern Montana, were examined using visual and geochemical methods. The concretions were zoned, with an axial, phosphate-rich core also containing calcium surrounding the lobster remains and an outer, calcium-rich zone lacking phosphate. The overall composition documents these as carbonate concretions, not phosphatic concretions. Where visible, the inner zone is sheathed in a thin layer dominated by framboidal pyrite, suggesting formation by a microbial film. The different geochemical settings in the inner versus outer zones suggest reduced pH conditions during formation of the inner core and normal pH conditions resulting in formation of the outer zone. The pattern is suggestive of extremely rapid preservation of the lobster remains within a microbial sheath in which a calcium phosphate mineral, probably francolite, delicately replaced the lobster cuticle, and traces of worm (?) burrows and fecal pellets were preserved. The remainder of the concretion, the outer zone, formed under normal pH conditions and was probably induced by the chemistry of the core. Size of the concretions relative to the size of the enclosed lobsters, lack of evidence of a burrow complex in the surrounding sediment, and central positioning of the lobster remains within the concretions do not support the contention that the lobsters were entombed within a burrow.
    Print ISSN: 0883-1351
    Electronic ISSN: 0883-1351
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society for Sedimentary Geology (SEPM)
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