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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 274 (1996), S. 596-597 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 216-217 (1967), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The theory of paracrystals is applied to the atomistic structure of non-crystalline solids and molten metals. The dualism between the conventional theories of crystals and amorphous matter is removed by means of new statistical parameters. There exists a relation between the g-factor and the mean particle diameter ¯D. ¯D=α2ā/g2 ā is the averaged lattice distance of the family of netplanes under consideration. α is a number depending on the chemical character of the forces between the netplanes. Its value is near 0,15 for the Ammonia katalyst promoted with Al as well as for the micro fibrills and mosaic blocks in hot stretched respective solution crystallized linear polyethylene. A series of atomic density distribution curves of molten metals are analysed by the paracrystalline convolution polynom and can be described as polyparacrystalline structures. α has a similar value near 0,15.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß das Konzept des Parakristalls die Möglichkeit bietet, nicht kristalline Festkörper und Flüssigkeiten in ihrem atomaren Aufbau eingehender quantitativ zu beschreiben, als dies mit den konventionellen Theorien möglich ist. Der Dualismus zwischen kristallinen und amorphen Ordnungszuständen wird durch neue statistische Begriffe überwunden. Insbesondere kommt man so zu einem Verständnis dafür, daß hochdisperse kolloide Zustände durch parakristalline Atomanordnungen erklärt werden können. Wie sich zeigen läßt, steht der den parakristallinen Zustand beschreibende g-Faktor mit dem mittleren Teilchendurchmesser in der Relation: ¯D=α2ā/g2. Dabei ist ā der Netzebenenabstand der betrachteten Netzebenenschar und ¯D die mittlere Ausdehnung des parakristallinen Teilchens senkrecht zu den betrachteten Netzebenen. Die Zahl α kennzeichnet den Charakter der die Netzebenenschar zusammenhaltenden chemischen Bindung. Für den mit AI dotierten Ammoniakkatalysator ebenso wie für die Mikrofibrillen und Mosaikblöckchen in heiß verstrecktem und in kristallisiertem linearen Polyäthylen ist α ∼0,15, für gewisse Netzebenenscharen dabei systematisch von diesem Wert etwas abweichend. Eine Reihe von Metallschmelzen wurden durch Faltungspolynome als polyparakristalline Strukturen analysiert, wobeiα auch für sie einen ähnlichen Wert hat.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hochdruck-kristallisiertes lineares PÄ wurde mit rauchender HNO3 behandelt und von beiden Proben, geätzt und ungeätzt, wurden Röntgenweitwinkellinienbreiten von 18 hkl-Reflexen analysiert. Die drei Hauptachsen und die Orientierung des mittleren Gestaltellipsoids und die gki-Werte der parakristallinen Gitterstörungen wurden bestimmt. Die Kristallitgröße senkrecht zur Kettenrichtung ist bis 1650 Å groß, die parallel zur Kettenrichtung größer als 5000 Å. Beide Größen werden nicht merklich durch HNO3-Behandlung geändert.
    Notes: Summary High pressure crystallized linear polyethylene was treated with fuming nitric acid and of both samples treated and untreated the X-ray wide angle line widths of 18 hkl-reflections were analysed. The three axes and the orientation of the mean shape ellipsoid and theg ki-values of the paracrystalline distortions were determined. The crystallite size perpendicular to the chain direction is up to 1650 Å and parallel to the chain direction higher than 5000 Å and is not be changed significantly by HNO3-treatment.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 250 (1972), S. 102-110 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Theory is presented for the determination of the tensorsgik of paracrystalline distortions and the mean shape-tensor in orthorhombic lattices from widths of X-ray wide angle reflections. It holds for the case that only one main-axis of the shape-tensor lies parallel to one of the crystallographic axes. It is applied to linear polyethylene crystallized from dilute solution by different methods. The dependence of the above mentioned quantities is studied as a function of treatment time (up to 25 h) with fuming nitric acid. The paracrystalline distortions and the mean crystallite sizes¯D 2 and¯D 3 remain constant, only the mean crystallite size¯D 1 in direction [110] changes. In the first hours it decreases, later on it increases. This effect is explained by the creation of special grain boundaries parallel to the growth planes (110) which enlarge their area during treatment. A rapid loss of weight begins after several hours of fumic acid treatment. But this degradation of the crystalline core does not occur from the fold-layers and the planes parallel [110]. Only for self-seeded crystals an increase of¯D 2 could be observed after 2 h of degradation, which eventually could be explained by recrystallisation processes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine erweiterte Theorie wird angegeben, die Schwan-kungstensorengik der parakristallinen Störungen und den mittleren Gestalttensor der kohärent streuenden Bereiche aus einer Reihe von Weitwinkel-Linienprofil-Messungen in orthorhombischen Gittern auch dann anzugeben, wenn nur eine Hauptachse des Gestaltellipsoids parallel zu einer kristallographischen Achse liegt. Die Theorie wird angewandt auf lineares Polyäthylen, das nach verschiedenen Methoden aus verdünnten Lösungen kristallisiert wurde. Insbesondere wurde das Verhalten der oben genannten Größen beim Abbau mit rauchender Salpetersäure untersucht. Praktisch ändert sich bei den hier verwandten Nitrierzeiten nur die mittlere Kristallgröße¯D 1 in Richtung [110]. Zunächst findet eine starke Verkleinerung von¯D 1, nach einigen Stunden wieder eine Vergrößerung von¯D 1 statt.¯D 2 und¯D 3 bleiben konstant. Ein Abbau des kristallinen Kerns von den Deckflächen und den Flächen parallel [110] her findet also nicht statt. Dies wird durch Erzeugung spezieller Korngrenzen erklärt, die parallel zu den Wachstumsflächen (110) liegen, sich beim Nitrieren flächenmäßig vergrößern und von denen aus nach einigen Stunden der Abbau rapide einsetzt. Bei den self-seeded-Einkristallen wird nach 2 Stunden Abbau eine Vergrößerung auch des Mittelwertes¯D 2 beobachtet, die vielleicht z. T. durch Rekristallisationsvorgänge erklärt werden könnte.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 3 (1992), S. 211-217 
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: LC polymers ; LC elastomers ; Ferroelectricity ; Piezoelectricity ; Nonlinear optics ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes the rational design and structure-property relations in three different types of polar LC polymers with interesting material properties, as follows. (i) Chiral LC polymers, which are functionalized with crosslinkable groups, can be converted into LC elastomers with chiral smectic C* phases. The mechanical orientability of these elastomers leads to new piezoelectric materials. (ii) The curing (dense crosslinking) of a polymer matrix provides one possibility of stabilizing the polar order of dye molecules, which is necessary for frequency doubling. Additionally, LC phases can help to stabilize this polar structure, which leads to large and stable nonlinear optical coefficients. (iii) Polymer analogous esterifications offer a convenient method for the synthesis of chiral smectic C* polymers with large ferrolectric polarizations.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymers for Advanced Technologies 3 (1992), S. 249-255 
    ISSN: 1042-7147
    Keywords: Ferroelectric liquid crystals ; Polymers ; Dielectric spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Broadband dielectric spectroscopy delivers in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 1010 Hz two collective dielectric loss processes (soft and Goldstone modes) and one molecular relaxation (β-relaxation). The soft mode and Goldstone mode are assigned to the fluctuation of the amplitude and the phase of the helical superstructure. The β-relaxation corresponds to the libration (hindered rotation) of the mesogene around its long molecular axis. At the SmA-SmC* phase transition this process does not split or broaden, and the temperature dependence of its relaxation rate does not show any deviation from an Arrhenius-like behavior. Its dielectric strength does not decline at the SmA-SmC* phase transition. These experimental findings are in contrast to the common explanation of the origin of the saturation polarization (“induced spontaneous polarization”), which is based on the existence of a “free” rotation inside the SmA phase and its strong hindrance in the ferroelectric SmC* phase. Furthermore, the high frequency results require a reformulation for the (generalized) Landau theory as applied to the SmA-SmC* phase transition. In comparing low molar mass and polymeric (elastomeric) FLC, the collective and molecular dynamics are qualitatively similar, independent of the molecular architecture (e.g. side-chain, combined main- and side-chain or crosslinked systems).
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2000-07-18
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1998-07-21
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: The granulation procedure of a catalyst powder is a crucial step in designing a high-quality catalyst granulate for industrial applications. New granulation processes have been developed that make it possible to form granulates with a very narrow particle size distribution and high sphericity. The innovative granulation techniques offer a great potential to produce layered catalysts with inert cores and an active shell. The novel spherical granules consist of an inexpensive inert core coated with an active catalyst material. New core shell granules with an accurately designed spherical geometry have been synthesized and compared to conventional homogeneous spherical granules of the same shape. The conversion of methanol to olefins has been used as a test reaction to validate the efficiency of these promising granulates. Layered spherical granulates consisting of an inexpensive inert core and a catalytically active zeolite shell were synthesized via a spray granulation technique. These novel granulates showed a better performance in methanol to olefin conversion than conventional homogeneous granulates. Improved conversion efficiency could be demonstrated for synthesized as well as for commercial catalysts.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-03-14
    Description: The granulation procedure of a catalyst powder is a crucial step in designing a high-quality catalyst granulate for industrial applications. New granulation processes have been developed that make it possible to form granulates with a very narrow particle size distribution and high sphericity. The innovative granulation techniques offer a great potential to produce layered catalysts with inert cores and an active shell. The novel spherical granules consist of an inexpensive inert core coated with an active catalyst material. New core shell granules with an accurately designed spherical geometry have been synthesized and compared to conventional homogeneous spherical granules of the same shape. The conversion of methanol to olefins has been used as a test reaction to validate the efficiency of these promising granulates. Layered spherical granulates consisting of an inexpensive inert core and a catalytically active zeolite shell were synthesized via a spray granulation technique. These novel granulates showed a better performance in methanol to olefin conversion than conventional homogeneous granulates. Improved conversion efficiency could be demonstrated for synthesized as well as for commercial catalysts.
    Print ISSN: 0930-7516
    Electronic ISSN: 1521-4125
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley
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