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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Lipids and Lipid Metabolism 1127 (1992), S. 141-146 
    ISSN: 0005-2760
    Keywords: (Rat) ; Bile salt micelle ; Cholesterol absorption ; Tea catechin ; Thoracic duct lymph ; Triacylglycerol absorption
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 13 (1977), S. 289-300 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La méthode de multiplication des franges de Moiré qui utilise les interférences d'ordre +1 et -1 de rayons lumineux diffractés par une grille de 1000 lignes/millimètre, du type “à phase” sur la surface de l'éprouvette, a été appliqué à la mesure de la distribution des déformations à l'extrémité d'une fissure de fatigue en cours de propagation dans une tôle d'acier présentant une fissure centrale. La sensibilité de la mesure était équivalente à la sensibilité obtenue par une grille de 2000 lignes/millimètre appliquée sur l'éprouvette et utilisant la méthode de franges de Moiré conventionnelle. La longueur de référence était de l'ordre de 10 microns. Le résultat des mesures de distribution de déformation a été appliqué à l'estimation de la vitesse de propagation d'une fissure de fatigue.
    Notes: Abstract The moiré fringe multiplication method which used interference of the +1st and -1st order diffracted beams from a 1000 lines/mm phase-type grating on the specimen surface was applied to the measurement of strain distribution at the tip of a propagating fatigue crack in a steel plate having a central crack. The sensitivity of the measurement was equivalent to the sensitivity obtained from a 2000 lines/mm grating on the specimen when the conventional moiré fringe method is used. The gage length was of the order of 10μm. The result of the measurement of strain distribution was applied to the estimation of the fatigue crack propagation rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les phénomènes de fermeture de fissures de fatigue ont été étudiés à l'aide d'un extensomètre d'une longueur de référence d'un millimètre sur une étendue des rapports de contrainte R variant de −1 à +0,8. Les éprouvettes plates comportant un trou central oblong, étaient en acier HT80 et en acier inoxydable SUS304. Elles ont été soumises à fatigue sous des conditions de traction-compression, et la vitesse de propagation de la fissure, da/dn, a été mesurée. Le rapport des tensions R est apparu avoir une influence sur da/dn, dans le cas des deux matériaux. Le facteur d'intensité des contraintes correspondant à l'ouverture de la fissure K op a été déterminé à partir de la relation entre le déplacement de l'extensomètre à l'extrémité de la fissure et la charge. Le rapport effectif de la variation de l'intensité de la contrainte U(=ΔKeff/ΔK) décroit lorsque décroit l'amplitude de l'intensité de contrainte ΔK/2. En ce qui concerne les données montrant le phénomène de fermeture de la fissure (pour R≦0,4) la relation entre log(da/dn) et log(ΔK eff/2) tombe sur une ligne droite au voisinage du niveau de seuil de l'intensité des contraintes. Pour R=0,8 qui correspond à une extrémité d'entaille complètement ouverte quelle que soit la charge, les données montrent une déviation par rapport à cette ligne. La déformation à l'extrémité de la fissure a également été mesurée à l'aide d'une méthode de multiplication des franges de Moiré. On a observé une grande quantité de déformations plastiques à l'extrémité de la fissure, même en dessous de la charge d'ouverture de la fissure correspondant à R=−1 pour l'acier HT80. Ces phénomènes montrent que le dommage par fatigue existe encore lorsque la fissure est refermée. Ils montrent également que la fermeture de la fissure ne peut pas tenir complètement compte de l'effet de R sur da/dn.
    Notes: Abstract The closure phenomena of fatigue cracks were investigated with a 1 mm gage length extensometer over the range of stress ratio, R, from −1 to 0.8. Plate specimens with a center slot of HT80 steel and SUS304 stainless steel were fatigued under push-pull loading, and the crack propagation rate, da/dn, was measured. The stress ratio, R, was found to influence da/dn in both materials. The crack opening stress intensity factor, K op, was determined from the relationship between the crack tip extensometer displacement and the load. The effective stress intensity range ratio, U(=ΔKeff/ΔK), decreases with the decrease of the stress intensity amplitude, ΔK/2. As for the data which show the crack closure phenomena (R≦0.4), the relationship between log(da/dn) and log(ΔK eff/2) falls on a straight line near the stress intensity threshold level. For R=0.8 where the crack tip is fully open over the whole range of loading, the data show a discrepancy from the same line. The strain at the crack tip was also measured with the Moiré fringe multiplication method. A large amount of plastic strain at the crack tip was observed even below the crack opening load for R=−1 in HT80 steel. These phenomena show that fatigue damage still exists when the crack is closed. These also show that the crack closure cannot fully account for the effect of R on da/dn.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 15 (1980), S. 1663-1670 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between striation spacing and fatigue crack propagation rate up to 70 μm/cycle was investigated for a ductile structural steel, qualified as JIS SM58Q. A modified compact-type specimen 400 mm wide and a centre-cracked specimen 200 mm wide were tested at a stress ratio, R, of 0 and 0.8. The fracture surface of the specimen was examined in detail under a scanning electron microscope. The crack propagation rate was expressed by a power function of the range of stress intensity factor from 0.1 to 70 μm/cycle for R=0 and to 0.5 μm/cycle for R=0.8. The striation spacing coincided with the fatigue crack propagation rate over the range 0.1 to 70 μm/cycle. The profile of striation was found to be a “ridge and valley” type, and the ridges on one fracture surface coincided with those on the matching surface. It is suggested that the striation is formed by a plastic blunting mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 38 (1994), S. 268-274 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: Transfection ; lacZ ; Intravascular injection ; RSV ; β-actin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In embryogenesis, avian primordial germ cells (PGCs) circulate temporarily in the blood vessels at stages 10-15 (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951), before reaching the gonads. In an attempt to transfer cloned genes into PGCs, liposome consisting of reporter plasmid DNA and N-[1-(2,3-Dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N, N, N-trimethyl-ammoniummethylsulfate was injected into the marginal veins of embryos at stages 11--15. As reporter plasmids, pRSVZ and pAcZ harboring the Escherichia coli lacZ gene driven, respectively, by the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) promoter and the chicken β-actin gene promoter were used. First, 55 embryos were injected with liposome containing pRSVZ and stained for the bacterial β-galactosidase activity 24 hr after injection. In all the embryos, cells positive for β-galactosidase activity were observed among the blood cells, endothelial cells, and endocardium cells of the heart, suggesting that transfection took place within the circulatory system. Then, embryos were injected with liposome containing pRSVZ or pAcZ, and stained 2 or 3 d after injection. PGCs positive for β-galactosidase activity were observed in the gonads in four out of 44 embryos injected with pRSVZ, and 29 out of 71 embryos injected with pAcZ, indicating that the plasmid DNA was transferred into PGCs developing normally. The average number of positive PGCs per embryo was 0.2 and 2.1, respectively, when pRSVZ and pAcZ were introduced. The difference in the number of positive PGCs detected after introduction of the two plasmids suggests that the actin promoter has a higher level of transcriptional activity in PGCs than does the RSV promoter. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2011-04-25
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-12-16
    Description: Aromatic polyketides make up a large class of natural products with diverse bioactivity. During biosynthesis, linear poly-β-ketone intermediates are regiospecifically cyclized, yielding molecules with defined cyclization patterns that are crucial for polyketide bioactivity. The aromatase/cyclases (ARO/CYCs) are responsible for regiospecific cyclization of bacterial polyketides. The two most common cyclization patterns...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-05-11
    Description: The establishment of the mammalian neocortex is often explained phylogenetically by an evolutionary change in the pallial neuronal progenitors of excitatory projection neurons. It remains unclear, however, whether and how the evolutionary change in inhibitory interneurons, which originate outside the neocortex, has been involved in the establishment of the neocortex. In this study, we transplanted chicken, turtle, mouse, and marmoset medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) cells into the embryonic mouse MGE in utero and compared their migratory behaviors. We found that the MGE cells from all of the species were able to migrate through the mouse neocortical subventricular zone and that both the mouse and marmoset cells subsequently invaded the neocortical cortical plate (CP). However, regardless of their birthdates and interneuron subtypes, most of the chicken and turtle cells ignored the neocortical CP and passed beneath it, although they were able to invade the archicortex and paleocortex, suggesting that the proper responsiveness of MGE cells to guidance cues to enter the neocortical CP is unique to mammals. When chicken MGE cells were transplanted directly into the neocortical CP, they were able to survive and mature, suggesting that the neocortical CP itself is essentially permissive for postmigratory development of chicken MGE cells. These results suggest that an evolutionary change in the migratory ability of inhibitory interneurons, which originate outside the neocortex, was involved in the establishment of the neocortex by supplying inhibitory components to the network.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2018-08-31
    Description: Intermediate phenotypes such as gene expression values can be used to elucidate the mechanisms by which genetic variation causes phenotypic variation, but jointly analyzing such heterogeneous data are far from trivial. Here we extend a so-called mediation model to handle the confounding effects of genetic background, and use it to analyze flowering time variation in Arabidopsis thaliana , focusing in particular on the central role played by the key regulator FLOWERING TIME LOCUS C ( FLC ). FLC polymorphism and FLC expression are both strongly correlated with flowering time variation, but the effect of the former is only partly mediated through the latter. Furthermore, the latter also reflects genetic background effects. We demonstrate that it is possible to partition these effects, shedding light on the complex regulatory network that underlies flowering time variation.
    Electronic ISSN: 2160-1836
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-08-22
    Description: When we sequence a diploid individual, the output actually comprises two genomes: one from the paternal parent and the other from the maternal parent. In this study, we introduce a novel heuristic algorithm for distinguishing single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the two parents and phasing them into haplotypes. The algorithm is unique because it simultaneously performs SNP calling and haplotype phasing. This approach can exploit the linkage information of nearby SNPs, which facilitates the efficient removal of haplotypes that originate from incorrectly mapped short reads. Using simulated data we demonstrated that our approach increased the accuracy of SNP calls. The haplotype reconstruction performance depended largely on the density of SNPs. Using current next-generation sequence technology with a relatively short read length, reasonable performance is expected when this approach is applied to species with an average of five heterozygous sites per 1 kb. The algorithm was implemented as the program "linkSNPs."
    Print ISSN: 0737-4038
    Electronic ISSN: 1537-1719
    Topics: Biology
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