ALBERT

Description: First- and second-year sea-ice thickness, draft, salinity, temperature, and density were measured during two ice stations on 24 October 2022 and 30 October 2022 during leg 1 of the GoNorth 2022 expedition. The ice cores were extracted with 7.25-cm (Mark III) internal diameter ice corers (Kovacs Enterprise, US). During each ice station, ice temperature was measured in situ from a separate temperature core, using Ebro TFX 410 Thermometer thermometers in drill holes with a length of half-core-diameter at 5 cm vertical resolution. Ice bulk practical salinity was measured from melted core sections at 5 cm resolution using a Mettler Toledo SevenGo conductivity meter. Sea ice density was measured using the hydrostatic weighing method (Pustogvar and Kulyakhtin, 2016) from several density cores in the freezer laboratory onboard RV Kronprins Haakon at the temperature from –10°C to –14°C. Relative volumes of brine and gas were estimated from ice salinity, temperature, and density using Cox and Weeks (1983) for cold ice and Leppäranta and Manninen (1988) for ice warmer than –2°C. This sea ice physics data was collected during leg 1 of the GoNorth 2022 scientific expedition on 14 October – 3 November 2022 (cruise number 2022713) on the RV Kronprins Haakon. The ice cores were collected at two ice stations (Station 6 and Super Station 14) located at 82°13.56' N and 26°41.43' E for the first and 82°31.05' N and 17°30.04' E for the second sea ice station in the area north of Svalbard. The data contains the event label (1), station (2), time (3), global coordinates (4,5) of each coring measurement, ice type (11), and sample ID (12). Each core has its manually measured ice thickness (6), ice draft (7), snow height (8), and local coordinates for each ice station (7,8). Each core section has the total length of its top (13) and bottom (14) measured in situ. Each core section has the value of its practical salinity (15), each core section of a temperature core has the value of its in situ temperature (16), and each core section of density cores has the value of its ice density (18). Each core section also has laboratory temperature (17), an estimate of brine volume fraction (19), and gas volume fraction (20).

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature differences were measured along a chain of thermistors. 2020M26 (a.k.a. Bruncin IMB042) is an autonomous modular instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the 4th leg of MOSAiC in June 2020. The thermistor chain was 5 m long and included 256 sensors. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature and temperature differences after three heating cycles of 4, 20 and 24 s as a function of place, depth and time between 26 June 2020 and 19 August 2020 in sample intervals of 1 hour for temperature and 6 hours for temperature differences. In addition, this modular buoy consisted of sensors measuring position (GPS) and barometric pressure at hourly intervals. The buoy was installed on a ridge, called Jaridge that was studied during leg 4, in the MOSAiC Central Observatory. This instrument was deployed as part of the project Ridges - Safe HAVens for ice-associated Flora and Fauna in a Seasonally ice-covered Arctic OCean (HAVOC), funded by the Research Council of Norway (project number 280292).

Description: First-year sea-ice thickness, draft, salinity, temperature, and density were measured during near-weekly surveys at the main first-year ice coring site (MCS-FYI) during the MOSAiC expedition (legs 1 to 4). The ice cores were extracted either with a 9-cm (Mark II) or 7.25-cm (Mark III) internal diameter ice corers (Kovacs Enterprise, US). This data set includes data from 23 coring site visits and were performed from 28 October 2019 to 29 July 2020 at coring locations within 130 m to each other in the MOSAiC Central Observatory. During each coring event, ice temperature was measured in situ from a separate temperature core, using Testo 720 thermometers in drill holes with a length of half-core-diameter at 5-cm vertical resolution. Ice bulk practical salinity was measured from melted core sections at 5-cm resolution using a YSI 30 conductivity meter. Ice density was measured using the hydrostatic weighing method (Pustogvar and Kulyakhtin, 2016) from a density core in the freezer laboratory onboard Polarstern at the temperature of –15°C. Relative volumes of brine and gas were estimated from ice salinity, temperature and density using Cox and Weeks (1983) for cold ice and Leppäranta and Manninen (1988) for ice warmer than –2°C. The data contains the event label (1), time (2), and global coordinates (3,4) of each coring measurement and sample IDs (13, 15). Each salinity core has its manually measured ice thickness (5), ice draft (6), core length (7), and mean snow height (22). Each core section has the total length of its top (8) and bottom (9) measured in situ, as well estimated depth of section top (10), bottom (11), and middle (12). The depth estimates assume that the total length of all core sections is equal to the measured ice thickness. Each core section has the value of its practical salinity (14), isotopic values (16, 17, 18) (Meyer et al., 2000), as well as sea ice temperature (19) and ice density (20) interpolated to the depth of salinity measurements. The global coordinates of coring sites were measured directly. When it was not possible, coordinates of the nearby temperature buoy 2019T66 were used. Ice mass balance buoy 2019T66 installation is described in doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.938134. Brine volume (21) fraction estimates are presented only for fraction values from 0 to 30%. Each core section also has comments (23) describing if the sample is from a false bottom, from rafted ice or has any other special characteristics. Macronutrients from the salinity core, and more isotope data will be published in a subsequent version of this data set.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chain DTC25 is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition on 8 January 2020. The thermistor chain was 5.12 m long and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time between 8 January 2020 and 23 March 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours. It also contains manually estimated position of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces. The DTC was installed in Fort Ridge towards the level first-year ice. Ice mass balance SIMBA 2020T60 was installed at the Fort Ridge: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.924269.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chain DTC54 is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition on 01 September 2020. The thermistor chain was 5.12 m long and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The initial ice thickness was 1.76 m, the snow thickness was 0.00 m, and the pond depth was 0.18 m. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time between 01 September 2020 and 20 September 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours. It also contains manually estimated positions of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces. The DTC was installed in the ponded ice next to the ridge and the snow buoy 2020S108: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.937176.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chain DTC56 is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition on 05 September 2020. The thermistor chain was 2.36 m long and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The initial ice thickness was 1.09 m, the snow thickness was 0.00 m, and the pond depth was 0.43 m. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time between 05 September 2020 and 08 September 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours. It also contains manually estimated positions of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces. The DTC was installed in the ponded second/multiyear ice next to the Albedo Toblerone Line and autonomous surface flux station ASFS30: doi:10.18739/A2K649V1F.

Description: Temperature and heating-induced temperature were measured along a chain of thermistors. Digital Thermistor Chain DTC51 is an autonomous instrument that was installed on drifting sea ice in the Arctic Ocean during the MOSAiC expedition on 23 August 2020. The thermistor chain was 4.16 m long and included sensors with a regular spacing of 2 cm. The initial ice thickness was 1.52 m, the snow thickness was 0.02 m, and the freeboard was 0.16 m. The resulting time series describes the evolution of temperature during the heating cycle of 20 s and after the heating cycle during the following 40 s as a function of geographic position (GPS), depth, and time between 23 August 2020 and 17 September 2020 in sample intervals of 6 hours. It also contains manually estimated positions of air-snow, snow-ice, and ice-water interfaces. The DTC was installed in the undeformed second/multiyear ice next to ice mass balance buoys 2020T78: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.958438.