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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of fungicides on Drechslera spp. and leaf surface filamentous saprophytic fungi on Lolium perenne (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 35 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Small plots of Lolium perenne were treated between February and September 1979 with benomyl, triadimefon and chlorothalonil and the incidence and relative abundance of sporulating filamentous fungi measured on distinct lesions and senescent areas of leaves.Benomyl reduced the levels of most saprophytes but increased the levels of the two Drechslera species present. Triadimefon reduced levels of Drechslera species but allowed an increase in levels of Phoma and Epicoccum and in the number of naturally senescing leaves devoid of obvious filamentous fungal growth. In chlorothalonil-treated plots, levels of all filamentous fungi except Epicoccum were reduced and, by controlling Drechslera species, the number of healthy leaves increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1986.tb01990.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypic and genotypic diversity in Phytophthora infestans on potato in Great Britain, 1995–98 (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 53 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A total of 2691 single-lesion isolates of Phytophthora infestans was established from samples of late-blight disease from 354 commercial and garden/allotment sites in Scotland, England and Wales over four growing seasons, 1995–98. The A2 mating type was rare (3·0% of isolates) and was detected at only 34 sites. In vitro tests of sensitivity to the phenylamide fungicide metalaxyl showed that 316 sites yielded isolates with some insensitivity (resistant and/or intermediate); these were more often commercial sites than garden/allotment sites. Over the four seasons, the frequency of isolates with intermediate fungicide sensitivity increased, while the frequency of resistant phenotypes decreased. Resistant isolates were always of A1 mating type. A subset of 1459 isolates from 326 sites was analysed for molecular diversity. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype Ia predominated (91·0% of isolates); haplotype IIa was present at 54 sites and both haplotypes at 33 sites. The multilocus RFLP probe RG57 detected 30 fingerprints. Four fingerprints were particularly common (RF002, RF006, RF039 and RF040) and 10 were unique to a single site in a single year. The three commonest fingerprints (RF039 〉 RF002 〉 RF006) were of A1 mating type and the fourth (RF040) was A2. RF002 isolates were resistant to the phenylamide metalaxyl and were more common in Scotland than in England and Wales. Small sample sizes limited the usefulness of estimates of diversity. Although approximately half of all sites appeared to be colonized by RF039 genotypes, some sites (both commercial and garden/allotment) showed a higher diversity, having both common and unique genotypes. The genotypic diversity within isolates collected from commercial sites and those from garden/allotment sites were similar. The contributions of sexual reproduction and alternatives to sex to the generation of variation are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0032-0862.2004.01004.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Haustoria of microcyclic rust fungi Uromyces ficariae and Puccinia tumida and other gall-forming species, U. dactylidis (macrocyclic) and P. smyrnii (demicyclic) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 52 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Cytological studies involving light and scanning electron microscopy examined the morphology of intracellular hyphae of various gall-forming species of rust fungi. Uromyces ficariae (microcyclic) and U. dactylidis (macrocyclic, heteroecious) both produced vermiform and largely indeterminate intracellular hyphae typical of M-haustoria, associated with telial and aecial galls, respectively, on their common host Ranunculus ficaria. Similar M-haustoria were observed in telial galls of Puccinia tumida (microcyclic) on Conopodium majus, in host tissue affected by nine other microcyclic species and in aecial galls of P. smyrnii (demicyclic, autoecious) on Smyrnium olusatrum. Telia of P. smyrnii, however, infecting photosynthetically active mesophyll without gall formation, produced typical D-haustoria with determinate growth, a narrow neck region and a bulbous clavate body. Gall formation was associated with hyphal infection of vascular tissue. The relationship between M-haustoria, vascular infection and gall formation is discussed in relation to the evolution of microcyclic rusts and Tranzschel's law.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00800.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viability, germination and infection potential of oospores of Phytophthora infestans (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 43 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Matings between five A1 and five A2 wild-type isolates of Phytophthora infestans from potato and tomato crops in the United Kingdom produced oospores in vitro in all cases examined. Oospores from the majority of crosses germinated, albeit at a low level (max 13-4%), after extraction from agar cultures by high-speed blending and treatment with novoZym 234. Viability of oospores from 20 crosses was tested by three methods. Two methods involved stains, either tetrazolium bromide (MTT) or phloxine B, and the third measured plasmolysis in 2 M NaCl. Both staining methods indicated a high percentage viability but gave false-positive results with heat-killed oospores. The plasmolysis method gave a lower percentage viability but no false positives. Oospores produced in vitro and stored either in sterile H2O or in soil at temperatures between 0 and 20 C survived for between 5 and 7 months, the length of the experiments. Oospores buried in non-sterile field soil survived for up to 8 months (January-August). Inoculation of potato with zoospores of AI and A2 isolates produced oospores in stems but not in leaf tissue. In some, but not all cases, rapidly growing potato shoots (15-mm long) were successfully infected with oospores produced in vitro.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1994.tb02700.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of Phragmidium mucronatum on rose understocks and maiden bush roses (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 32 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Persistent infection of field-grown Rosa laxa hort, by the rust fungus Phragmidium mucronatum was observed throughout summer and autumn in 1979 and 1980. Rust significantly reduced shoot number, length and fresh weight (to 85 and 54% of the control after one and two seasons respectively) along with flower number and fruit yield. Root weight was also reduced to 55% of the control over two seasons.The growth of four bush rose cultivars budded on to rusted Laxa stocks was reduced, affecting bush quality. Overall, rust-free stocks produced twice as many saleable maidens as rusted stocks but bud take was not affected by P. mucronatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1983.tb01301.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fungicides for control of Phragmidium mucronatum on Rosa laxa hort. (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 32 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The control of the rust fungus, Phragmidium mucronatum by seven fungicides (benodanil, fenpropimorph, oxycarboxin, thiram, triadimefon, triazbutyl and triforine), was examined both in vivo and in vitro. Oxycarboxin applied at monthly intervals to field-grown Rosa laxa gave excellent control. Similar results were obtained on detached leaflets using the fungicide as a protectant or eradicant. A benodanil-resistant isolate was identified in axenic culture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1983.tb01302.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phenotypes of Phytophthora infestans collected in England and Wales from 1985 to 1988: mating type, response to metalaxyl and isoenzyme analysis (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 39 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In a survey of 1864 isolates derived from samples of Phytophthora infestans obtained from potato and tomato collected in England and Wales between 1985 and 1988, the A2 mating type was identified in approximately 10% of samples. There was no evidence for an overall increase in the frequency of the A2 mating type over this period. In agar culture, A2 isolates exhibited a distinct lumpy-colony morphology. Lumps were made up of intensely dichotomously branched hyphae. The incidence of resistance to metalaxyl among samples increased from 41 to 60% between 1986 and 1988. Some of the A2 isolates were resistant to metalaxyl and like other A2 isolates gave rise to progeny from in vitro matings with Al isolates. Except in one case, Al and A2 isolates were uniformly homozygous at an isoenzyme locus for glucosephosphate isomerase but isolates exhibited some variation at a peptidase locus. The source of the A2 isolates could not be established from these data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1990.tb02499.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Life-history of Phragmidium rubi-idaei on red raspberry in the United Kingdom (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 34 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Phragmidium rubi-idaei produced five spore stages on red raspberry and overwintered as teliospores adhering to canes. In the field spermagonia appeared in a single flush in early summer on leaves of the primocanes (first-year canes) and on leaves of the lateral shoots of fruiting canes, and were followed by aecia, uredinia and telia. Aecia and uredinia occasionally appeared on petioles and sepals and uredinia on drupelets of mature fruit. Lesions caused by aecia and uredinia on the bases of primocanes did not become cankerous in the following fruiting year. Necroses associated with large aecia produced a shot-hole effect and leaflets heavily affected by either aecia, uredinia or telia abscissed prematurely.The sequence of spore stages on pot-grown plants inoculated with mature overwintered teliospores took 60 days to the reappearance of telia. The rate of development of uredinia and associated necroses was faster on younger than on older leaves but the cumulative spore yield was not significantly different.Optimum temperature for germination of urediniospores in vitro (18.4–20.9°C) was higher than for mature teliospores (14.6–18.4°C). Light inhibited germination of both types of spores. Teliospore germination was inhibited by wavelengths of 590–750 nm, but this was partially reversible under other light conditions. A reversible inhibition of basidiospore formation was also observed under shorter wavelengths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1985.tb01401.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of metalaxyl on formation and germination of oospores of Phytophthora infestans (1998)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Publishers
    Plant pathology 47 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Oospores of Phytophthora infestans were produced in potato leaf discs floating on metalaxyl solution (100 μg mL−1 a.i.) and inoculated with all combinations of two metalaxyl-sensitive and two -resistant parental isolates. Numbers of oospores produced varied between different matings, depending on parents, in the absence of the fungicide and when metalaxyl was added 0, 7, 14 and 21 days after inoculation. Oospores were not produced when metalaxyl was added at the time of inoculation (0 days) when either one or both parents were sensitive to metalaxyl. In two of three such matings further oospore formation was arrested when metalaxyl was added either 7 or 14 days after inoculation. Oospores extracted from leaf discs 14, 21 and 28 days after inoculation were assessed for germination on water agar after 21 days. Germination of oospores from water control treatments varied between 6 and 30% depending on the cross. Germination was significantly reduced in oospores of metalaxyl-sensitive parents extracted 28 days after inoculation of leaf discs treated with metalaxyl 0, 7 and 14 days after inoculation compared with the 21-day treatment. Minimal differences in germination were observed for oospores from the mating of resistant parents irrespective of metalaxyl treatment, although germination was generally low, not exceeding 8.5%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00215.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of oospores of Phytophthora infestans in cultivars of potato with different levels of race-nonspecific resistance (1998)
    Oxford, U.K. and Cambridge, USA : Blackwell Publishers
    Plant pathology 47 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Leaf discs in vitro, whole plants growing in a walk-in plastic tunnel, and field plots of up to 10 cultivars of potato were inoculated with an A1 and an A2 isolate of Phytophthora infestans of recent UK origin. Numbers of oospores produced varied between repeated experiments involving leaf discs of four cultivars but ranking was unchanged 20 days after inoculation. Maximum mean numbers of oospores (approximately 20 000 per cm2 of leaf) were formed in the highly susceptible cv. Home Guard, with progressively fewer in Maris Piper, Cara, and the fewest in leaf discs of the highly resistant cv. Stirling. In Stirling, the number of oospores increased from approximately 1000–16 000 per cm2 of leaf between 11 and 30 days post-inoculation. When leaf discs of 10 cultivars were inoculated, numbers of oospores were highest in cultivars with medium levels of race-nonspecific resistance such as Desiree and Record. On Maris Piper and Cara, but not Home Guard and Stirling, asexual sporulation was significantly (P 〈 0.05) lower following dual inoculation with A1 and A2 isolates than following inoculation with either isolate alone. The highly susceptible cultivars Home Guard and Bintje were rapidly destroyed after inoculation of field and tunnel-grown whole plants, and oospores were not observed. Oospores occurred in leaflets of various cultivars with medium levels of resistance to late-blight, and in stems of all cultivars except Stirling. Twenty-five isolates from single blight lesions from leaflets, and 16 from blighted tubers from the plastic tunnel-grown plants, were characterized for mitochondrial and nuclear DNA polymorphisms. All but one were identical to parental isolates or confirmed as contaminants from an adjacent late-blight-affected tuber dump. One isolate, however, obtained from cv. Pimpernel 20 days after inoculation, may have been a recombinant between the A1 and A2 parental isolates, or alternatively a product of selfing or somatic recombination of the A1 parent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00216.x
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