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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 49 (1980), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In a study of N2 fixation in nodules of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Venezuela-350 of different ages and kept under controlled light and temperature conditions, three parameters - 15N2 fixation, C2H2 reduction and H2 evolution—were measured.C2H2 reduction was positively related to the N fixed. A standardization of sampling is necessary to keep experimental errors to a minimum. To decrease the variation between replications, the nodules should be carefully incubated (adequate time and temperature), and the samples for chromatography should also be carefully stored. No significant difference was found in C2H2 reduction in the systems studied - nodulated roots, disturbed whole plants and intact plants—during the first hour of measurement.H2 evolution was detected in nodules over 20 days of age and was positively related to N2 fixation and C2H2 reduction. This measurement was essential to account for the equilibrium between the three parameters in the electron balance ratio. Under phytotron conditions, maximum H2 evolution occurred 20–30 days after planting.Nodulated roots from different plants were used to determine the N2 fixed and C2H2 reduction, and on average the ratios C2H2:N2 varied between 7.3 and 8.3 for all ages. In vivo C2H4/(3N2+ H2) electron balance values were over 1, varying from 1.32 to 1.43. These data suggest that overestimation of actual N2 fixation might be occurring when using the C2H2 reduction technique, even if taking account for H2 evolution. In this case, this method should be used with great care to avoid an overestimation of on average 32-43% of the actual value. Variation was smaller between the measures of the three parameters when younger nodules were used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 43 (1987), S. 222-233 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Hydrological cycle ; Amazon River ; evapotranspiration ; canopy interception ; water budget ; precipitation ; Amazon Basin ; deforestation effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 51 (1979), S. 425-429 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Soil ; 15N-enrichment ; Symbosis ; N-fixation ; Rhizobium ; Phaseolus ; Soybean ; Maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Incubation of 25 and 30 day old nodulated plants ofPhaseolus vulgaris for periods of 24 h and 72 h under 15-dinitrogen atmosphere indicated nitrogen enrichment of soil compared with soil free of plants and with other plants under the same experimental conditions. This indication of release from the root-nodule system is discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium ; Classicalvs isotope methods ; Dinitrogen fixation ; Glycine max ; Isolines Isotope techniques ; Non-nodulating ; Rhizobium ; Nitrogen-15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two experiments were carried out with two nodulating and non-nodulating soybean isolines, with three different levels of N as (15NH4)2SO4 at the equivalent of 0, 25 and 50 kg N/ha. In the first experiment three seeds were sown in each pot and the plants harvested at 35, 55 and 75 days. In the second experiment only one seed was sown per pot and harvested at 75 days. Isotope dilution technique and in certain cases natural isotope variation (δ15N) was used to determine directly the origin of nitrogen in the plant, whether from soil, fertilizer or biological N2-fixation. The use of nodulating and non-nodulating isolines enabled comparison with the classical method of estimating N2-fixation by difference from total plant N. Results at the 75 day harvest were similar for either method, but at the earlier harvests, particularly at 35 days, the total-N method was inadequate. The isotope method appeared more sensitive while the total-N method suffered from greater variability with correspondingly high standard errors and significant differences. It was found that by the 35 and 55 day harvests hardly any N2-fixation had taken place, plant nitrogen being almost entirely derived from soil or fertilizer N. Plants in competition used up soil fertilizer N more rapidly, thus stimulating symbiotic nitrogen fixation. When only one plant was grown in each pot it had a greater proportion of N derived from soil or fertilizer, and less N derived from fixation. In general the15N data showed that only about 25% of the applied fertilizer N was absorbed by the plant. The nodulating isoline absorbed more N than the non-nodulating plants. This suggests a possible synergistic effect of N2-fixation on N derived from other sources, giving an increase in total-N content of nudulated plants. The N derived from N2-fixation was scarcely detectable in the roots but appeared to be translocated almost entirely to shoots and pods. With 25 kg N/ha the greater proportion of the nitrogen in the pods was derived from N2-fixation. Even with 50 kg N/ha the nitrogen in the pods derived from fixation remained high, that being derived from fertilizer being less than 15%. About 80% of the nitrogen in the nodules was due to fixation. In the present experiment the application of 25 kg N/ha appeared sufficient to give maximum N absorption by both isolines. At this level symbiotic fixation by Rhizobium remained high in nodulating plants, while the proportion of total N due to fixation was reduced with 50 kg N/ha.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 67 (1982), S. 367-376 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Amazonas ; Entisol ; Hydrologic losses ; N-cycling ; N2-fixation ; Oxisol ; Streamflow ; Regional budget ; Ultisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Con el fin de comprender la importancia relativa de los ecosistemas y los procesos del ciclo de nitrógeno dentro de la cuenca Amazónica, hemos establecido un balance generalizado para este elemento basado en los datos de pérdidas de nitrógeno por las aguas y la fijación biológica en los bosques Amazónicos. Se incluye en el modelo la información disponible para las aguas que entran y salen de la cuenca entera asi como para una cuenca experimental sobre oxisoles y ultisoles cerca de Manaus, Brasil. También se incluyen datos de fijación biológica de nitrógeno en suelos diferentes de la Amazonia Central. Entre 4–6 kg N ha−1 año−1 salen por el rio Amazonas y cantidades semejantes entran al sistema por precipitación. La fijación biológica de nitrógeno en las raices contribuye con ca. 2 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre oxisoles, 20 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre ultisoles y unos 200 kg N ha−1 año−1 en bosques sobre entisoles mas fértiles en la ‘varzea’. La relación NH4−N vs NO3−N está alrededor de 5–10 tanto para las aguas de lluvia como para las de los rios cerca de Manaus. Para la cuenca del Amazonas se obtuvo, basándose en los datos arriba mencionados y en algunas premises, el siguiente balance regional. Entradas por precipitación, 36×108 kg N año−1; fijación biológica de nitrógeno, 120×108 kg N año−1. Las salidas por el rio Amazonas, 36×108 kg N año−1 y por desnitrificación y volatilización (por diferencia), 120–108 kg N año−1.
    Notes: Abstract In order to better understand the relative importance of different ecosystems and nitrogen cycling processes within the Amazon basin to the nitrogen economy of this region, we constructed a generalized nitrogen budget for the region based on data for hydrologic losses of nitrogen and nitrogen fixation in Amazon forests. Data included information available for nitrogen in water entering and leaving both the entire basin and watersheds on oxisol and ultisol soils near Manaus, Brazil, in addition to biological nitrogen fixation in forests on ultisol, oxisol and entisol (‘varzea’) soils in Central Amazonia. Available data indicate that 4–6 kg N ha−1 yr−1 are lost via the River Amazonas, and that a similar amount enters in rainfall. Root-associated biological nitrogen fixation contributesca. 2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on oxisols, 20 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on utisols, and 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1 to forests on fertile varzea soils. There is 5–10 fold more NH4 +−N than NO3−N in rain and stream water entering and leaving the waterbasin near Manaus. Calculations based on these data plus certain assumption yield the following regional nitrogen balance estimate: inputs through bulk deposition of 36×108 kg N yr−1 and through biological nitrogen fixation of 120×108 kg N yr−1, and outputsvia the River Amazonas of 36×108 kg N yr−1 andvia denitrification and volatization (by difference) of 120×108 kg N yr−1.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The environmentalist 3 (1983), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1573-2991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1987-03-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4754
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1979-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-079X
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5036
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1982-02-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-079X
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5036
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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