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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2015-11-19
    Description: Author(s): Y. Iguchi, S. Uemura, K. Ueno, and Y. Onose In noncentrosymmetric materials, the relativistic effect extensively modifies the energy band of magnons as well as that of electrons. With use of microfabricated microwave antennae, we have demonstrated that the propagation of magnons with large momentum is nonreciprocal in a noncentrosymmetric fer… [Phys. Rev. B 92, 184419] Published Wed Nov 18, 2015
    Keywords: Magnetism
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2015-01-24
    Description: In this study, we demonstrated the occurrence of stomatal patchiness and its spatial scale in leaves from various sizes of trees grown in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. To evaluate the patterns of stomatal behavior, we used three techniques simultaneously to analyze heterobaric or homobaric leaves from five tree species ranging from 0.6 to 31 m in height: (i) diurnal changes in chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, (ii) observation and simulation of leaf gas-exchange rates and (iii) a pressure-infiltration method. Measurements were performed in situ with 1000 or 500 μmol m –2  s –1 photosynthetic photon flux density. Diurnal patterns in the spatial distribution of photosynthetic electron transport rate ( J ) mapped from chlorophyll fluorescence images, a comparison of observed and simulated leaf gas-exchange rates, and the spatial distribution of stomatal apertures obtained from the acid-fuchsin-infiltrated area showed that patchy stomatal closure coupled with severe midday depression of photosynthesis occurred in Neobalanocarpus heimii (King) Ashton, a higher canopy tree with heterobaric leaves due to the higher leaf temperature and vapor pressure deficit. However, subcanopy or understory trees showed uniform stomatal behavior throughout the day, although they also have heterobaric leaves. These results suggest that the occurrence of stomatal patchiness is determined by tree size and/or environmental conditions. The analysis of spatial scale by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging showed that several adjacent anatomical patches (lamina areas bounded by bundle-sheath extensions within the lamina) may co-operate for the distributed patterns of J and stomatal apertures.
    Print ISSN: 0829-318X
    Electronic ISSN: 1758-4469
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2010-04-16
    Description: Translation by the ribosome occurs by a complex mechanism involving the coordinated interaction of multiple nucleic acid and protein ligands. Here we use zero-mode waveguides (ZMWs) and sophisticated detection instrumentation to allow real-time observation of translation at physiologically relevant micromolar ligand concentrations. Translation at each codon is monitored by stable binding of transfer RNAs (tRNAs)-labelled with distinct fluorophores-to translating ribosomes, which allows direct detection of the identity of tRNA molecules bound to the ribosome and therefore the underlying messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. We observe the transit of tRNAs on single translating ribosomes and determine the number of tRNA molecules simultaneously bound to the ribosome, at each codon of an mRNA molecule. Our results show that ribosomes are only briefly occupied by two tRNA molecules and that release of deacylated tRNA from the exit (E) site is uncoupled from binding of aminoacyl-tRNA site (A-site) tRNA and occurs rapidly after translocation. The methods outlined here have broad application to the study of mRNA sequences, and the mechanism and regulation of translation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4466108/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4466108/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Uemura, Sotaro -- Aitken, Colin Echeverria -- Korlach, Jonas -- Flusberg, Benjamin A -- Turner, Stephen W -- Puglisi, Joseph D -- GM51266/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM051266/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 15;464(7291):1012-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08925.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5126, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20393556" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Codon/*genetics ; Escherichia coli ; Fluorescence ; Kinetics ; Ligands ; Luminescent Measurements ; Optical Tweezers ; Protein Biosynthesis/genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Transfer/genetics/*metabolism ; Ribosomes/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: The initiation of translation establishes the reading frame for protein synthesis and is a key point of regulation. Initiation involves factor-driven assembly at a start codon of a messenger RNA of an elongation-competent 70S ribosomal particle (in bacteria) from separated 30S and 50S subunits and initiator transfer RNA. Here we establish in Escherichia coli, using direct single-molecule tracking, the timing of initiator tRNA, initiation factor 2 (IF2; encoded by infB) and 50S subunit joining during initiation. Our results show multiple pathways to initiation, with orders of arrival of tRNA and IF2 dependent on factor concentration and composition. IF2 accelerates 50S subunit joining and stabilizes the assembled 70S complex. Transition to elongation is gated by the departure of IF2 after GTP hydrolysis, allowing efficient arrival of elongator tRNAs to the second codon presented in the aminoacyl-tRNA binding site (A site). These experiments highlight the power of single-molecule approaches to delineate mechanisms in complex multicomponent systems.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4465488/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4465488/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsai, Albert -- Petrov, Alexey -- Marshall, R Andrew -- Korlach, Jonas -- Uemura, Sotaro -- Puglisi, Joseph D -- GM51266/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM051266/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM099687/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Jul 19;487(7407):390-3. doi: 10.1038/nature11172.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5126, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Escherichia coli/*genetics/*metabolism ; Peptide Chain Initiation, Translational/*physiology ; Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-2/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer/metabolism ; Ribosome Subunits, Large, Bacterial/metabolism ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2013-05-21
    Description: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective dopaminergic cell loss in the substantia nigra, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. The recessively inherited familial PD genes PARK2 and PARK6 have been attributed to mutations in the Parkin and PTEN-induced kinase 1 ( PINK1 ) genes, respectively. Recent reports suggest that PINK1 works upstream of Parkin in the same pathway to regulate mitochondrial dynamics and/or conduct autophagic clearance of damaged mitochondria. This phenomenon is preserved from Drosophila to human cell lines but has not been demonstrated in a vertebrate animal model in vivo . Here, we developed a medaka fish ( Oryzias latipes ) model that is deficient in Pink1 and Parkin. We found that despite the lack of a conspicuous phenotype in single mutants for Pink1 or Parkin, medaka that are deficient in both genes developed phenotypes similar to that of human PD: late-onset locomotor dysfunction, a decrease in dopamine levels and a selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Further analysis also revealed defects in mitochondrial enzymatic activity as well as cell death. Consistently, PINK1 and Parkin double-deficient MEF showed a further decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial complex I activity as well as apoptosis compared with single-deficient MEF. Interestingly, these mitochondrial abnormalities in Parkin-deficient MEF were compensated by exogenous PINK1, but not by disease-related mutants. These results suggest that PINK1 and Parkin work in a complementary way to protect dopaminergic neurons by maintaining mitochondrial function in vertebrates.
    Print ISSN: 0964-6906
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2083
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Chemical Physics Letters 189 (1992), S. 193-196 
    ISSN: 0009-2614
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Chemical Physics Letters 171 (1990), S. 245-248 
    ISSN: 0009-2614
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 194 (1980), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 0022-328X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 326 (1987), S. 35-47 
    ISSN: 0022-328X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 250 (1983), S. 203-215 
    ISSN: 0022-328X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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