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  • 1
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    Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-01-30
    Description: Humans have engaged in endurance running for millions of years, but the modern running shoe was not invented until the 1970s. For most of human evolutionary history, runners were either barefoot or wore minimal footwear such as sandals or moccasins with smaller heels and little cushioning relative to modern running shoes. We wondered how runners coped with the impact caused by the foot colliding with the ground before the invention of the modern shoe. Here we show that habitually barefoot endurance runners often land on the fore-foot (fore-foot strike) before bringing down the heel, but they sometimes land with a flat foot (mid-foot strike) or, less often, on the heel (rear-foot strike). In contrast, habitually shod runners mostly rear-foot strike, facilitated by the elevated and cushioned heel of the modern running shoe. Kinematic and kinetic analyses show that even on hard surfaces, barefoot runners who fore-foot strike generate smaller collision forces than shod rear-foot strikers. This difference results primarily from a more plantarflexed foot at landing and more ankle compliance during impact, decreasing the effective mass of the body that collides with the ground. Fore-foot- and mid-foot-strike gaits were probably more common when humans ran barefoot or in minimal shoes, and may protect the feet and lower limbs from some of the impact-related injuries now experienced by a high percentage of runners.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lieberman, Daniel E -- Venkadesan, Madhusudhan -- Werbel, William A -- Daoud, Adam I -- D'Andrea, Susan -- Davis, Irene S -- Mang'eni, Robert Ojiambo -- Pitsiladis, Yannis -- England -- Nature. 2010 Jan 28;463(7280):531-5. doi: 10.1038/nature08723.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, 11 Divinity Avenue, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. danlieb@fas.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20111000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Child ; Female ; Foot/*physiology ; Forefoot, Human/physiology ; Gait/physiology ; Humans ; Kenya ; Male ; Running/*physiology ; *Shoes/standards ; *Stress, Mechanical ; United States ; Weight-Bearing/physiology ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 2
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    Synthetic lethality in CCNE1-amplified tumors [Genetics] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-27
    Description: High-grade serous ovarian cancers (HGSCs) are characterized by a high frequency of TP53 mutations, BRCA1/2 inactivation, homologous recombination dysfunction, and widespread copy number changes. Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) gene amplification has been reported to occur independently of BRCA1/2 mutation, and it is associated with primary treatment failure and reduced patient survival....
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advanced lithium ion battery materials (2000)
    Springer
    Ionics 6 (2000), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1862-0760
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Although a commercial reality, the lithium ion battery is still the object of intense R&D aimed to further improve its performance. In this paper we review the activities in progress in our laboratory for the characterization of novel, not-carbonaceous anode materials, high-voltage cathode materials and composite polymer electrolytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375556
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
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    Understanding global secondary organic aerosol amount and size-resolved condensational behavior (2013)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-27
    Description: Recent research has shown that secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are major contributors to ultrafine particle growth to climatically relevant sizes, increasing global cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations within the continental boundary layer (BL). However, there are three recent developments regarding the condensation of SOA that lead to uncertainties in the contribution of SOA to particle growth and CCN concentrations: (1) while many global models contain only biogenic sources of SOA (with annual production rates generally 10–30 Tg yr−1), recent studies have shown that an additional source of SOA around 100 Tg yr−1 correlated with anthropogenic carbon monoxide (CO) emissions may be required to match measurements. (2) Many models treat SOA solely as semi-volatile, which leads to condensation of SOA proportional to the aerosol mass distribution; however, recent closure studies with field measurements show nucleation mode growth can be captured only if it is assumed that a significant fraction of SOA condenses proportional to the Fuchs-corrected aerosol surface area. This suggests a very low volatility of the condensing vapors. (3) Other recent studies of particle growth show that SOA condensation deviates from Fuchs-corrected surface-area condensation at sizes smaller than 10 nm and that size-dependent growth rate parameterizations (GRP) are needed to match measurements. We explore the significance of these three findings using GEOS-Chem-TOMAS global aerosol microphysics model and observations of aerosol size distributions around the globe. The change in the concentration of particles of size Dp 〉 40 nm (N40) within the BL assuming surface-area condensation compared to mass-distribution net condensation yielded a global increase of 11% but exceeded 100% in biogenically active regions. The percent change in N40 within the BL with the inclusion of the additional 100 Tg SOA yr−1 compared to the base simulation solely with biogenic SOA emissions (19 Tg yr−1) both using surface area condensation yielded a global increase of 13.7%, but exceeded 50% in regions with large CO emissions. The inclusion of two different GRPs in the additional-SOA case both yielded a global increase in N40 of 〈 1%, however exceeded 5% in some locations in the most extreme case. All of the model simulations were compared to measured data obtained from diverse locations around the globe and the results confirmed a decrease in the model-measurement bias and improved slope for comparing modeled to measured CCN number concentration when non-volatile SOA was assumed and the extra SOA was included.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 5
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    Aerosol size distribution and radiative forcing response to anthropogenically driven historical changes in biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation (2014)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-20
    Description: Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) have changed in the past millennium due to changes in land use, temperature and CO2 concentrations. Recent model reconstructions of BVOC emissions over the past millennium predicted changes in dominant secondary organic aerosol (SOA) producing BVOC classes (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes). The reconstructions predicted that global isoprene emissions have decreased (land-use changes to crop/grazing land dominate the reduction), while monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions have increased (temperature increases dominate the increases); however, all three show regional variability due to competition between the various influencing factors. These BVOC changes have largely been anthropogenic in nature, and land-use change was shown to have the most dramatic effect by decreasing isoprene emissions. In this work, we use two modeled estimates of BVOC emissions from the years 1000 to 2000 to test the effect of anthropogenic changes to BVOC emissions on SOA formation, global aerosol size distributions, and radiative effects using the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS global aerosol microphysics model. With anthropogenic emissions (e.g. SO2, NOx, primary aerosols) held at present day values and BVOC emissions changed from year 1000 to year 2000 values, decreases in the number concentration of particles of size Dp 〉 80 nm (N80) of 〉25% in year 2000 relative to year 1000 were predicted in regions with extensive land-use changes since year 1000 which led to regional increases in direct plus indirect aerosol radiative effect of 〉0.5 W m−2 in these regions. We test the sensitivity of our results to BVOC emissions inventory, SOA yields and the presence of anthropogenic emissions; however, the qualitative response of the model to historic BVOC changes remains the same in all cases. Accounting for these uncertainties, we estimate millennial changes in BVOC emissions cause a global mean direct effect of between +0.022 and +0.163 W m−2 and the global mean cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect of between −0.008 and −0.056 W m−2. This change in aerosols, and the associated radiative forcing, could be a~largely overlooked and important anthropogenic aerosol effect on regional climates.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 6
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    Understanding and constraining global secondary organic aerosol amount and size-resolved condensational behavior (2013)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-16
    Description: Recent research has shown that secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are major contributors to ultrafine particle growth to climatically relevant sizes, increasing global cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations within the continental boundary layer. However, there are three recent developments regarding the condensation of SOA that lead to uncertainties in the contribution of SOA to particle growth and CCN concentrations: (1) while many global models contain only biogenic sources of SOA (with annual production rates generally 10–30 Tg yr-1), recent studies have shown that an additional source of SOA around 100 -1 correlated with anthropogenic carbon monoxide (CO) emissions may be required to match measurements. (2) Many models treat SOA solely as semivolatile, which leads to condensation of SOA proportional to the aerosol mass distribution; however, recent closure studies with field measurements show nucleation mode growth can be captured only if it is assumed that a significant fraction of SOA condenses proportional to the Fuchs aerosol surface area. This suggests a very low volatility of the condensing vapors. (3) Other recent studies of particle growth show that SOA condensation deviates from Fuchs surface-area condensation at sizes smaller than 10 nm and that size-dependent growth rate parameterizations (GRP) are needed to match measurements. We explore the significance of these three findings using GEOS-Chem-TOMAS global aerosol microphysics model and observations of aerosol size distributions around the globe. The change in the concentration of particles of size Dp 〉 40 nm (N40) within the BL assuming surface-area condensation compared to mass-distribution net condensation yielded a global increase of 11% but exceeded 100% in biogenically active regions. The percent change in N40 within the BL with the inclusion of the additional 100 Tg SOA yr-1 compared to the base simulation solely with biogenic SOA emissions (19 Tg yr-1) both using surface area condensation yielded a global increase of 13.7%, but exceeded 50% in regions with large CO emissions. The inclusion of two different GRPs in the additional-SOA case both yielded a global increase in N40 of
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 7
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    Source attribution of aerosol size distributions and model evaluation using Whistler Mountain measurements and GEOS-Chem-TOMAS simulations (2015)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-11
    Description: Remote and free tropospheric aerosols represent a large fraction of the climatic influence of aerosols; however, aerosol in these regions is less characterized than those polluted boundary layers. We evaluate aerosol size distributions predicted by the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS global chemical transport model with online aerosol microphysics using measurements from the peak of Whistler Mountain, BC, Canada (2182 m a.s.l.). We evaluate the model for predictions of aerosol number, size and composition during periods of free tropospheric (FT) and boundary-layer (BL) influence at "coarse" 4° × 5° and "nested" 0.5° × 0.667° resolutions by developing simple FT/BL filtering techniques. We find that using temperature as a proxy for upslope flow (BL influence) improved the model measurement comparisons. The best threshold temperature was around 2 °C for the coarse simulations and around 6 °C for the nested simulations, with temperatures warmer than the threshold indicating boundary-layer air. Additionally, the site was increasingly likely to be in-cloud when the measured RH was above 90 %, so we do not compare the modeled and measured size distributions during these periods. With the inclusion of these temperature and RH filtering techniques, the model-measurement comparisons improved significantly. The slope of the regression for N80 (the total number of particles with particle diameter, Dp 〉 80 nm) in the nested simulations increased from 0.09 to 0.65, R2 increased from 0.04 to 0.46, and log-mean bias improved from 0.95 to 0.07. We also perform simulations at the nested resolution without Asian anthropogenic (AA) emissions and without biomass-burning (BB) emissions to quantify the contribution of these sources to aerosols at Whistler Peak (through comparison with simulations with these emissions on). The long-range transport of AA aerosol was found to be significant throughout all particle number concentrations, and increased the number of particles larger than 80 nm (N80) by more than 50 %, while decreasing the number of smaller particles because of suppression of new-particle formation and enhanced coagulation sink. Similarly, BB influenced Whistler Peak during summer months, with an increase in N80 exceeding 5000 cm−3. Occasionally, Whistler Peak experienced N80 〉 1000 cm−3 without significant influence from AA or BB aerosol. Air masses were advected at low elevations through forested valleys during times when temperature and downwelling insolation were high, ideal conditions for formation of large sources of low-volatility biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA). This condensable material increased particle growth and hence N80. The low-cost filtering techniques and source apportionment used in this study can be used in other global models to give insight into the sources and processes that shape the aerosol at mountain sites, leading to a better understanding of mountain meteorology and chemistry.
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 8
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    Source attribution of aerosol size distributions and model evaluation using Whistler Mountain measurements and GEOS-Chem-TOMAS simulations (2016)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-18
    Description: Remote and free-tropospheric aerosols represent a large fraction of the climatic influence of aerosols; however, aerosol in these regions is less characterized than those polluted boundary layers. We evaluate aerosol size distributions predicted by the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS global chemical transport model with online aerosol microphysics using measurements from the peak of Whistler Mountain, British Columbia, Canada (2182 m a.s.l., hereafter referred to as Whistler Peak). We evaluate the model for predictions of aerosol number, size, and composition during periods of free-tropospheric (FT) and boundary-layer (BL) influence at "coarse" 4°  ×  5° and "nested" 0.5°  ×  0.667° resolutions by developing simple FT/BL filtering techniques. We find that using temperature as a proxy for upslope flow (BL influence) improved the model–measurement comparisons. The best threshold temperature was around 2 °C for the coarse simulations and around 6 °C for the nested simulations, with temperatures warmer than the threshold indicating boundary-layer air. Additionally, the site was increasingly likely to be in cloud when the measured relative humidity (RH) was above 90  %, so we do not compare the modeled and measured size distributions during these periods. With the inclusion of these temperature and RH filtering techniques, the model–measurement comparisons improved significantly. The slope of the regression for N80 (the total number of particles with particle diameter, Dp,  〉  80 nm) in the nested simulations increased from 0.09 to 0.65, R2 increased from 0.04 to 0.46, and log-mean bias improved from 0.95 to 0.07. We also perform simulations at the nested resolution without Asian anthropogenic emissions and without biomass-burning emissions to quantify the contribution of these sources to aerosols at Whistler Peak (through comparison with simulations with these emissions on). The long-range transport of Asian anthropogenic aerosol was found to be significant throughout all particle number concentrations, and increased N80 by more than 50 %, while decreasing the number of smaller particles because of suppression of new-particle formation and enhanced coagulation sink. Similarly, biomass burning influenced Whistler Peak during summer months, with an increase in N80 exceeding 5000 cm−3. Occasionally, Whistler Peak experienced N80  〉  1000 cm−3 without significant influence from Asian anthropogenic or biomass-burning aerosol. Air masses were advected at low elevations through forested valleys during times when temperature and downwelling insolation were high, ideal conditions for formation of large sources of low-volatility biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA). This condensable material increased particle growth and hence N80. The low-cost filtering techniques and source apportionment used in this study can be used in other global models to give insight into the sources and processes that shape the aerosol at mountain sites, leading to a better understanding of mountain meteorology and chemistry.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
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    Aerosol size distribution and radiative forcing response to anthropogenically driven historical changes in biogenic secondary organic aerosol formation (2015)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-02
    Description: Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) have changed in the past millennium due to changes in land use, temperature, and CO2 concentrations. Recent reconstructions of BVOC emissions have predicted that global isoprene emissions have decreased, while monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions have increased; however, all three show regional variability due to competition between the various influencing factors. In this work, we use two modeled estimates of BVOC emissions from the years 1000 to 2000 to test the effect of anthropogenic changes to BVOC emissions on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, global aerosol size distributions, and radiative effects using the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS (Goddard Earth Observing System; TwO-Moment Aerosol Sectional) global aerosol microphysics model. With anthropogenic emissions (e.g., SO2, NOx, primary aerosols) turned off and BVOC emissions changed from year 1000 to year 2000 values, decreases in the number concentration of particles of size Dp 〉 80 nm (N80) of 〉 25% in year 2000 relative to year 1000 were predicted in regions with extensive land-use changes since year 1000 which led to regional increases in the combined aerosol radiative effect (direct and indirect) of 〉 0.5 W m−2 in these regions. We test the sensitivity of our results to BVOC emissions inventory, SOA yields, and the presence of anthropogenic emissions; however, the qualitative response of the model to historic BVOC changes remains the same in all cases. Accounting for these uncertainties, we estimate millennial changes in BVOC emissions cause a global mean direct effect of between +0.022 and +0.163 W m−2 and the global mean cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect of between −0.008 and −0.056 W m−2. This change in aerosols, and the associated radiative forcing, could be a largely overlooked and important anthropogenic aerosol effect on regional climates.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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