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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The promoter of barley trypsin-inhibitor BTI-CMe, discriminates between wheat and barley endosperm protoplasts in transient expression assays (1993)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 12 (1993), S. 698-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several promoter fragments from the barley gene coding for trypsin inhibitor, BTI-CMe, have been fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and these chimeric constructs used for transient expression in protoplasts. Transfection of developing endosperm protoplasts from barley (cv Bomi) show a maximum GUS expression of about 50% of that driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, while in wheat endosperm protoplasts expression is less than 10%. No significant expression is found in transfected leaf protoplasts from barley, wheat or tobacco (〈2% of the 35S control). All the information required for endosperm and barley specificity is present in the 343 bp proximal to the translation initiation site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233422
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and promoter characterization of barley geneItr1 encoding trypsin inhibitor BTI-CMe: differential activity in wild-type and mutantlys3a endosperm (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 1051-1059 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: endosperm protoplasts ; gel retardation assay ; gene cloning ; promoter characterization ; trans regulation ; transient expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The geneItr1, encoding trypsin inhibitor BTI-CMe, has been obtained from a genomic library ofHordeum vulgare L. The gene has no introns and presents in its 5′-upstream region 605 bp that are homologous to the long terminal repeats (LTR) of the ‘copia-like’ retro-transposon Bare-1. Functional analysis of theItr1 promoter by transient expression in protoplasts derived from different barley tissues, has shown that in this system theItr1 promoter retains its endosperm specifity and thetrans-regulation mediated by theLys3a gene. The proximal promoter extending 343 bp upstream of the translation initiation ATG codon is sufficient to confer fullGUS expression and for endosperm specifity. In protoplasts derived from thelys3a mutant, Risø 1508,GUS activity was less than 5% of that obtained with the same constructs in the protoplasts of wild-type Bomi from which it derives. Gel retardation experiments, after incubation with proteins obtained from both types of endosperm nuclei, also show differential patterns. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040723
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for factors regulating transfer cell-specific expression in maize endosperm (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 41 (1999), S. 403-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: BETL ; endosperm ; maize ; promoter ; transfer cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In maize, a layer of basal endosperm cells adjacent to the pedicel is modified for a function in solute transfer. Three genes specifically expressed in this region, termed the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL-2 to -4), were isolated by differential hybridization. BETL-2 to -4 are coordinately expressed in early and mid-term endosperm development, but are absent at later stages. BETL-2 to -4 coding sequences all predict small (〈100 amino acids), secreted, cysteine-rich polypeptides which lack close relatives in current database accessions. BETL-3 and BETL-1 display some sequence similarities with each other and to plant defensins. BETL-2 to -4 promoter regions were isolated and compared, revealing the presence of a promoter-proximal microsatellite repeat as the most highly conserved sequence element in each sequence. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) showed that specific BETL-2 to -4 promoter fragments competed for binding to the same DNA-binding activity in nuclear extracts prepared from maize endosperm. Although BETL-2 to -4 are only expressed in basal endosperm cells, the DNA-binding activities detected were of two types: distal endosperm-specific, or present in both basal and distal endosperm extracts. On the basis of these findings, a model to account for the coordinate regulation of BETL genes in endosperm cells is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006331707605
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The gene for trypsin inhibitor CMe is regulated in trans by the lys 3a locus in the endosperm of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1989)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 219 (1989), S. 474-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Trypsin inhibitor ; Gene regulation ; lys 3a locus ; Barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cDNA encoding trypsin inhibitor CMe from barley endosperm has been cloned and characterized. The longest open reading frame of the cloned cDNA codes for a typical signal peptide of 24 residues followed by a sequence which is identical to the known amino acid sequence of the inhibitor, except for an Ile/Leu substitution at position 59. Southern blot analysis of wheat-barley addition lines has shown that chromosome 3H of barley carries the gene for CMe. This protein is present at less than 2%–3% of the wild-type amount in the mature endosperm of the mutant Risø 1508 with respect to Bomi barley, from which it has been derived, and the corresponding steady state levels of the CMe mRNA are about I%. One or two copies of the CMe gene (synonym Itc1) per haploid genome have been estimated both in the wild type and in the mutant, and DNA restriction patterns are identical in both stocks, so neither a change in copy number nor a major rearrangement of the structural gene account for the markedly decreased expression. The mutation at the lys 3a locus in Risø 1508 has been previously mapped in chromosome 7 (synonym 5H). A single dose of the wild-type allele at this locus (Lys 3a) restores the expression of gene CMe (allele CMe-1) in chromosome 3H to normal levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259622
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A retrotransposon-like sequence linked to the S-locus of Nicotiana alata is expressed in styles in response to touch (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 250 (1996), S. 180-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words gypsy-like retrotransposon ; Nicotiana alata ; S-locus ; Touch-inducible ; Pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have identified a family of repetitive sequences in the genome of Nicotiana alata named Tna1 (Transposon of N. alata). The first element we characterised was on a genomic clone for the N. alata S6-ribonuclease (S6-RNase), a gene required for selfincompatibility in this species. The DNA sequence of this element resembles the integrase domain of retrotransposons of the gypsy class and is most similar to a retrotransposon from Lilium henryi. A transcript present in N. alata styles (self-incompatibility genotype S6S6) hybridized to Tna1 and accumulated in the style following either pollination or touching. This transcript was cloned from a cDNA library and was encoded by a second, partial Tna1 element. Neither the transcribed sequence nor the original Tna1 element contain an open reading frame or is likely to be able to transpose. The second element was mapped using a population of N. alata plants segregating for alleles of the self-incompatibility locus and is closely linked to the S6-allele. The Tna1 element is present in a number of Nicotiana species and appears to have been active at least twice during the evolution of this genus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02174177
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A retrotransposon-like sequence linked to the S-locus ofNicotiana alata is expressed in styles in response to touch (1996)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 250 (1996), S. 180-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: gypsy-like retrotransposon ; Nicotiana alata ; S-locus ; Touch-inducible ; Pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have identified a family of repetitive sequences in the genome ofNicotiana alata namedTnal (Transposon ofN. alata). The first element we characterised was on a genomic clone for theN. alata S6-ribonuclease (S6-RNase), a gene required for self-incompatibility in this species. The DNA sequence of this element resembles the integrase domain of retro-transposons of thegypsy class and is most similar to a retrotransposon fromLilium henryi. A transcript present inN. alata styles (self-incompatibility genotype S6S6) hybridized toTnal and accumulated in the style following either pollination or touching. This transcript was cloned from a cDNA library and was encoded by a second, partialTnal element. Neither the transcribed sequence nor the originalTnal element contain an open reading frame or is likely to be able to transpose. The second element was mapped using a population ofN. alata plants segregating for alleles of the self-incompatibility locus and is closely linked to the S6-allele. TheTnal element is present in a number ofNicotiana species and appears to have been active at least twice during the evolution of this genus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02174177
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic study and crosslink density in styrenebutadiene rubber compounds filled with boron-amine-modified silica (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 227 (1995), S. 43-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Kinetik der Vulkanisation sowie die Vernetzungsdichte von Styrol-Butadien-Kautschukmischungen wurden mit zwei Vulkanisationssystemen, einem wirksamen (EV) und einem konventionellen (CV), untersucht. Ein oberflächenmodifiziertes Silikat mit Boramingruppen (Si—O—B—(NH2)2) wurde als Füllstoff eingesetzt. Unbehandeltes und mit zwei Silanen (γ-Mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilan und γ-Aminopropyl-triethoxysilan) modifiziertes Silikat wurden zum Vergleich eingesetzt. Die bestenkinetischen Parameter, wie die höchste Vulkanisierungsgeschwindigkeit, die längste Induktionszeit und die kleinste Aktivierungsenergie, wurden für die Mischung mit boraminiertem Silikat erhalten. Die Vernetzungsdichte, die mit dieser Mischung erreicht wurde, ist ähnlich der von mit Silan modifiziertem Silikat erzielten, da wahrscheinlich die Boramingruppen auf der Silikatoberfläche besser verteilt sind. Diese Fakten führen zu wichtigen technologischen Verbesserungen: größere Verarbeitungssicherheit, schnellere Vulkanisierungsgeschwindigkeit und verbesserte physikalische Eigenschaften.
    Notes: Vulcanization kinetics and crosslink density of styrene-butadiene rubber compounds have been studied with two vulcanization systems, an efficient (EV) and a conventional (CV) one. A surface-modified silica with boron-amine groups (Si—O—B—(NH2)2) was employed as filler. Untreated and modified silica with two silanes (γ-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane and γ-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane) have been used as reference.The best kinetic parameters, such as highest vulcanization rate, longest induction time and lowest activation energy, were obtained for the compound with boronaminated silica. The crosslink density, achieved with this compound, is similar to that with silane-modified silica, probably because of the better surface distribution of boron-amine groups on the silica. These facts lead to important technological improvements: better processing safety, faster vulcanization rate and improved physical properties.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1995.052270106
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behaviour of a silica filler surface-modified with boron-amine groups (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 217 (1994), S. 107-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Das Verhalten von mit primären Boramingruppen modifizierten Silikat-Füllstoffen wurde unter verschiedenen Reaktionsbedingungen untersucht. Der Füllstoff mit den besten Verstärkungseigenschaften wurde eingesetzt, um zwei unterschiedliche Vulkanisationssysteme zu vergleichen: ein wirksames Vulkanisationsverfahren (EV), das nach ISO als Methode zur Untersuchung des Verstärkungsverhaltens neuer Silikate empfohlen wird, sowie ein konventionelles Verfahren. Die besten Ergebnisse werden mit Silikat erhalten, welches 3 h bei 500°C behandelt wurde; unter diesen Bedingungen werden die meisten der primären Boramingruppen fixiert. Die Eigenschaften des nach dem EV-Verfahren modifizierten Silikats ähneln denen von mit Silan modifizierten Silikaten und sind in einigen Fallen besser als jene, welche nach dem konventionellen Verfahren erhalten werden. In allen Fallen wird die verstarkende Wirkung von gefällten Silikat-Füllstoffen durch die Boraminbehandlung verbessert.
    Notes: The behaviour of silica fillers modified with primary boron-amine groups has been studied under different reaction conditions. The filler with the best reinforcing properties was used to compare two different vulcanization systems: an efficient vulcanization system, EV, which is the recommended ISO Standards method to study the reinforcing behaviour of new silicas, and a conventional vulcanization system.The results indicate that the best properties are obtained with silica treated for 3 h at 500°C, reaction conditions which fix most of the primary boron-amine groups. Using the EV system, the properties of this modified silica are similar to those of silane-modified silica, and in some cases better than those obtained with a conventional vulcanization system. In all cases, the boron-amination treatment significantly improves the behaviour of precipitated silica as a reinforcing filler.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1994.052170111
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Addition of chlorine and nitrogen dioxide to linear polybutadienes reaction mechanism (1973)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 168 (1973), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Reaktion von Chlor oder Stickstoffdioxid mit Polybutadien besteht hauptsächlich in einer Addition an die im Polymeren anwesenden Doppelbindungen; daneben treten auch verschiedene weitere Reaktionen, wie Vernetzung und cis-trans-Isomerisierung, häufig auf.Der Einfluß der Polymermikrostruktur, des Lösungsmittels, der Lösungsmittelkonzentration, der Temperatur und von verschiedenen Additiven wird untersucht. Einige Reaktionsmechanismen werden vorgeschlagen.Es wird angenommen, daß die Reaktion mit Chlor ionisch und radikalisch verlaufen kann. Der ionische Mechanismus, der immer vorherrschend ist, führt, ohne sekundäre Reaktionen, nur zu löslichen Additionsprodukten, aber beim radikalischen Mechanismus entstehen neben Additionsprodukten vernetzte und isomerisierte Produkte. Unter bestimmten Bedingungen ist es möglich, die radikalische Reaktion zu verhindern, so daß man nur lösliche Additionsprodukte erhält.Die Reaktion mit Stickstoffdioxid ist im wesentlichen ein radikalischer Prozeß und infolgedessen immer von Isomerisierung und Vernetzung begleitet. Nur unter besonderen Bedingungen kann man diese Nebenreaktionen verhindern.
    Notes: The reaction of chlorine or nitrogen dioxide with polybutadienes consists mainly in their addition to the double bonds of the polymer, but it is often followed by a number of secondary reactions, such as crosslinking and cis-trans isomerization.The effects of polymer microstructure, nature of the solvent, solution concentration, temperature, and various additives, are studied. To explain the experimental facts several reaction mechanisms are proposed.The chlorination reaction is thought to follow an ionic and radical mechanism simultaneously. The former, which is always predominant, gives only soluble addition products without secondary reactions, whereas the latter can give rise to crosslinked and isomerized products, besides the addition product. Under certain experimental conditions the radical reaction can be avoided and only soluble addition products are obtained.The reaction with nitrogen dioxide is predominantly of radical character, and consequently it is always followed by isomerization and crosslinking reactions. Only under special conditions these ancillary reactions can be avoided.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1973.021680106
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  • 10
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    CMP–KDO synthetase: a plant gene borrowed from Gram-negative eubacteria (2000)
    Cell Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0168-9525
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4555
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Cell Press
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