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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 198 (1963), S. 279-280 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In defending the first argument, the claim was made that there is a "unique relationship between the Snoek peak and the 250 C peak for the cases of dilute iron-nitrogen and dilute iron-carbon alloys". The experimental evidence on this point does not reveal such a relation. In the experiments of ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 199 (1963), S. 337-339 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] THERE is a well-known correlation between the activation energy for self-diffusion DH and the melting-point Tm for body-centred cube (b.c.c.) metals1: 3Tm (deg K)AW/* x 3Tm deg K) mA#(eV/atom) ^ -----^QO----- (1) The linearity of this relation arises because the activation energy is required ...
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 196 (1962), S. 1083-1083 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] According to the most recent measurements1'2, the activation energy of the peak is 32-35 kcal/mol. Although the activation energy of diffusion of oxygen in oc-iron has not been measured directly, it can be obtained from the Cottrell equation8 for serrated yielding in a tensile test: where D is the ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 2 (1972), S. 381-404 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 20 (1985), S. 935-940 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Bend-test curves were calculated for materials obeying three very different damage laws. One result of the calculations is that the neutral axis migrates towards the compression face as the load-point displacement increases. For the three damage laws investigated, there is a simple relationship between the location of the neutral axis and the secant modulus derived from the bend-test record; this relationship is quite insensitive to the exact form of the damage law. The stress at a point 20 per cent of the beam depth from the tensile outer fibre is also fairly insensitive to the form of the damage law. Combining these two observations, it is possible to use bend-test data to make a good estimate of the tensile stress-strain curve of a material subject to damage.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rock mechanics and rock engineering 5 (1973), S. 77-106 
    ISSN: 1434-453X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluβ der Mikrostruktur auf die Bruchausbreitung im Fels Die Verfasser beschreiben die Meßergebnisse einer Untersuchung, deren Zweck es war, die Beziehung zwischen der Bruchfestigkeit und gewissen Merkmalen des Gefüges im Salem-Kalkstein und Berea-Sandstein zu zeigen. Für diese Versuche wurden keilbeladene Doppelkragträgerproben verwendet, welche Kerben zur Förderung der Rißbildung erhielten. Es zeigte sich, daß die Bruchfestigkeit des Salem-Kalksteines, die imR Einheiten gemessen wurde (das ist der Energieverbrauch pro Projektions-flächeneinheit), während des Anfangsstadiums der Rißbildung zunahm, zuletzt aber eine konstante Größe erreichte, die eindeutig durch die Rißorientierung zur Schichtung bestimmt war. Beim Kalkstein schwanktR zwischen etwa 50 Joulen/m2 und 230 Joulen/m2. Der Sandstein, ein weicheres und nachgiebigeres Gestein, zeigte eine ähnliche Rißbildungsweise; dieR-Werte jedoch variierten zwischen 465 Joulen/m2 und 1580 Joulen/m2. Außerdem wurden Versuche in flüssigem Stickstof durchgeführt, um die während der Rißbildung in den Gesteinsproben entstehende plastische Verformung auszuschalten. FürR zeigten diese Versuche nur einen kleinen Unterschied im Falle des Kalksteins, jedoch eine wesentliche Verminderung im Falle des Sandsteines, was möglicherweise durch die differentielle Wärmeausdehnung zwischen den Quarzkörnern und dem Kalzitzement verursacht ist. In beiden Gesteinsproben wurden in sehr frühen Versuchsstadien akustische Emissionen entdeckt, welche auf das Vorhandensein von Mikrorissen in der Nähe der Anfangskerbenspitze unter geringer Belastung hinweisen. Die Art der Rißbildung und der Rißausbreitungsweg in beiden Gesteinsproben wurden durch Fraktographie in seinem weiten Vergrößerungsbereich festgestellt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung weisen eindeutig auf eine ausgedehnte Verbreitung von Mikrorissen hin, die um die Hauptrißspitze herum entstehen und mit ihr fortschreiten. Die sich durch das Brechen des Gesteins ausbreitende Energie ist mit der Entwicklung einer ausgedehnten Oberfläche innerhalb des Verteilungsgebietes der Mikrorisse verbunden. Diese Darstellung ermöglicht eine ausreichende und logische Erklärung des rätselhaften Widerspruches zwischen der gemessenen Bruchfestigkeit von Gesteinsproben und den Festigkeitswerten, die auf der Grundlage der gemessenenR-Werte vorausgesagt werden.
    Abstract: Résumé Influence de la microstructure sur la propagation de la fracture dans une masse rocheuse On décrit les résultats de recherches dont le but était de relier la résistance à la rupture à certaines caractéristiques de la microstructure du calcaire de Salem et du grès de Béréa. Des essais ont été effectués sur des échantillons en double cantilever, chargés triangulairement et contenant des entailles pour engendrer la fissuration. Dans le cas du calcaire de Salem, on a trouvé que la résistance à la rupture mesurée en unitésR (énergie dissipée par unité de surface projetée) augmentait au stade initial de l'extension de la fissuration, mais qu'elle atteignait une valeur constante fortement reliée à l'orientation de la fissure par rapport à la stratification. Pour ce calcaire,R varie d'environ 50 joules/m2 à 230 joules/m2. Le grès, roche plus tendre et plus élastique, a montré un comportement similaire à la rupture, mais les valeurs deR varièrent de 465 joules/m2 à 1580 joules/m2. De plus, des essais effectués dans l'azote liquide, dans le but d'éliminer la déformation plastique des roches pendant la rupture, ont montré peu de variation deR dans le cas du calcaire, mais une réduction substantielle de ce paramètre dans le cas du grès. Cette réduction est causée semble-t-il, par une dilatation thermique différentielle entre les grains de quartz et le ciment de calcite. Pour les deux roches on a détecté des émissions acoustiques presque dès le début du chargement. Celles-ci indiquaient qu'une microfissuration s'était produite vers la pointe des entailles initiales sous faibles charges. On a utilisé la fractographie avec un large domaine de grossissement pour identifier le mode de fracture et la trajectoire de la fissure dans les deux échantillons. Cette étude suggère nettement l'existence d'un déploiement considérable de microfissures qui se produit dans la région qui entoure la pointe de la fissure principale, et qui avance avec celle-ci. L'énergie dissipée pendant la rupture de la roche est associée à la formation de la grande quantité de surface contenue dans ce déploiement de microfissures. Cette description fournit une explication logique et suffisante à l'intriguant désaccord entre la résistance des roches à la traction et les résistances prédites d'après les mesures des valeurs deR.
    Notes: Summary Influence of Microstructure on Fracture Propagation in Rock This paper describes the results of research to correlate the fracture resistance with microstructural features of Salem limestone and Berea sandstone. Tests were conducted on wedge-loaded double-cantilever-beam specimens containing machined slots as crack starters. The fracture resistance of Salem limestone measured in terms ofR, the energy dissipated per unit area of projected surface, was found to increase in the initial stage of crack extension but finally reached a constant value which was strongly dependent on crack orientation with respect to the bedding plane. For this limestoneR ranges from about 50 joules/m2 to 230 joules/m2 (1 joule/m2 = 104 erg/cm2). The sandstone which is a more compliant rock exhibited similar fracture behavior while theR values ranged from 465 joules/m2 to 1580 joules/m2. In addition, tests in liquid nitrogen which were aimed at eliminating plastic deformation in the rocks during fracture showed little difference inR for the limestone but a substantial reduction inR for the sandstone which, in the latter case, may be caused by differential thermal expansion between the quartz grains and the calcite cement. Acoustic emissions were detected in both rocks at very early stages in the tests indicating the occurrence of microcracking near the initial slot tip at low loads. The mode of fracture and the fracture path in both materials were identified by fractography over a broad range of magnifications. The evidence gained from this work strongly points to the existence of an extensive array of microcracks produced in a region surrounding the main crack tip and which advances with it. The energy dissipated in fracturing of rock is associated with the creation of the large amount of surface area contained in this microcrack array. This picture provides a self-consistent explanation for the puzzling discrepancy between the measured tensile strength of rocks and the strengths predicted from measuredR values.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 254 (1976), S. 762-762 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 30 (1995), S. 395-398 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Both opening-mode and mixed-mode fracture toughness tests were carried out at 1200 and 1300 °C on a sinter/HIP grade of silicon nitride. Data for pure opening loading (K Ic) agree well with other experiments on the same material, which showed that the toughness was lower at 1000 °C than at room temperature, but increased as temperature increased above 1000 °C. The ratio of K IIc/K Ic was sufficiently insensitive to temperature that it can be considered to be constant. Results are discussed in the context of mechanisms that have been proposed to explain fracture toughness in silicon nitride.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 17 (1981), S. R77 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 12 (1976), S. 791-797 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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