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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excipient Interaction with Cetylpyridinium Chloride Activity in Tablet Based Lozenges (1996)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 13 (1996), S. 1258-1264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: cetylpyridinium chloride ; antimicrobial activity ; tablet-based lozenges ; magnesium stearate ; in vivo ; in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the effect of tablet excipients on the activity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and the relative interaction between excipients and CPC. Methods. An analytical assay was developed to evaluate the interaction between CPC and the excipients. In vivo activity was investigated using six volunteers by determining the reduction in colony forming units recoverable from the oropharynx after sucking each proprietary lozenge separately on different days. In vitro determinations investigated the relative antimicrobial activity of aqueous solutions of the lozenges and, the effect of pH and tablet base excipients on that activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans. Results. Both in vivo and in vitro results showed that the tablet based lozenges had markedly reduced antimicrobial activities compared with previous results with a candy based lozenge (in vivo and in vitro) or the same concentration of aqueous CPC (in vitro}. Magnesium stearate suspensions in CPC 250 µg/ml indicated that magnesium stearate adsorbed CPC and at 0.4% lozenge weight and above significantly reduced the antimicrobial activity of CPC 250 µg/ml. Conclusions. The reduced activity of CPC in tablet based lozenges resulted from a decreased availability of CPC in solution due to an adsorption of CPC on magnesium stearate. To avoid this reduction in activity tablet based lozenges containing CPC 250 µg/ml, or similar concentrations, plus magnesium stearate should contain not more than 0.3% w/w lozenge weight of the lubricant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016084824877
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effect of Formulation on the Antimicrobial Activity of Cetylpyridinium Chloride in Candy Based Lozenges (1996)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 13 (1996), S. 583-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: cetylpyridinium chloride ; lozenge formulation ; pH ; antimicrobial activity ; in vivo ; in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence on the antimicrobial activity of cetylpyridinium chloride of the various components of the formulation of each of six candy based lozenges. Methods. In vivo activity was investigated using six volunteers by determining the reduction in colony forming units recoverable from the oropharynx after sucking each lozenge separately on different days. In vitro determinations investigated the relative activity of aqueous solutions of the lozenges, the effect on activity of additional active ingredients, pH and lozenge base ingredients against separate inocula of each of the test organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans. Results. Both in vivo and in vitro results showed that the pH of the dissolved lozenge solution was the single most influential readily adjustable formulation parameter which significantly influenced the activity of cetylpyridinium chloride activity in candy based lozenges. Conclusions. Lozenges containing cetylpyridinium chloride as the active ingredient should be formulated at a pH greater than 5.5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016002322692
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular structures of four triterpenoids. X-ray crystallographic analysis of methyl 2α,3β,23α-triacetoxy-19α-hydroxyurs-12-en-28β-oate (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 23 (1993), S. 779-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A triterpenoid glycoside has been isolated from the roots of a herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. The molecular structure of this compound and its derivatives have been determined by spectroscopic studies and an X-ray analysis of the 2α,3β,23α-triacetoxy-28β-methyl ester of the aglycone. This aglycone belongs to the ursene structure series. The hydroxy group on ring E of these triterpenoids is α orientated and the side chains at C(2), C(3), C(4) and C(17) are α.,β, α andβ orientated, respectively. The C ring, which has a double bond at C(12)=C(13), adopts a sofa conformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01247240
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