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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence that the capsule around mycobacteria grown in axenic media contains mycobacterial antigens: implications at the level of cell envelope architecture (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 70 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The intracellular growth of pathogenic mycobacteria has been linked to the presence of an electron transparent zone (ETZ or capsule), which surrounds the phagocytized bacteria and prevents the diffusion of lysosomal enzymes in infected macrophages. Recently, it was suggested that this capsule may be a bacterial structures, even being present in test tube-grown pathogenic mycobacteria (FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1988, 56, 225–230). In the present paper, we show that under special fixation and embedding conditions, this capsule was clearly observed among 7 strains of mycobacteria grown in axenic media and also in M. leprae extracted and purified from experimentally infected armadillo or nude mice. In the case of bacteria treated likewise but subject to a prior dehydration step, this capsular structure disappeared suggesting its lipidic nature. Ultrathin sections of M. intracellulare after immunolabelling showed for the first time that this capsule obtained mycobacterial antigens confirming its mycobacterial origin. It is suggested that the mycobacterial capsule may be formed of inert lipids, in which surface antigens are embedded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb13971.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative ability of human monocytes and macrophages to control the intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis: effect of interferon-gamma and indomethacin (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 89 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium and M. tuberculosis H37Rv was compared both in human peripheral blood monocytes and in cultured macrophages. The cells were treated with 300 U of human recombinant interferon-gamma (IFNγ) either 48 h prior to phagocytosis or after infection. In some cases, indomethacin (IND, a potent inhibitor of prostaglandin-E2 synthesis), was added immediately after infection of macrophages. IFNγ pretreatment of monocytes resulted in about 50% lesser uptake of both pathogens, but had no effect in macrophages. Macrophages, as compared to monocytes, were more permissive to M. avium growth suggesting that monocytes may be innately more efficient in controlling the intracellular growth of this pathogen. About ten-fold higher growth of M. avium as compared to M. tuberculosis was observed in both culture systems. IFNγ-treatment alone did not confer any anti-M. avium activity to monocytes and macrophages alike and addition of IND did not change this unresponsiveness. In the case of M. tuberculosis, the IFNγ treatment alone endowed both monocytes and macrophages with significant bacteriostatic activity which was further potentiated by the addition of IND. These observations show innate differences in the ability of human monocytes and macrophages to control the growth of two major mycobacterial pathogens and the immunoregulatory mechanisms involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05013.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium in human macrophages is linked to the increased synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and inhibition of the phagosome-lysosome fusions (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 89 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05006.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of indomethacin on the modulation of Mycobacterium avium growth in human macrophages by interferon gamma, retinoic acid and 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 89 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05007.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postantibiotic effects of rifampin, amikacin, clarithromycin and ethambutol used alone or in various two-, three- and four-drug combinations against Mycobacterium avium (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 23 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The postantibiotic effects (PAEs) of rifampin, amikacin, clarithromycin, and ethambutol were determined radiometrically against five AIDS-associated isolates of Mycobacterium avium, and were found to be 20.8 ± 3.4, 18.4 ± 2.5, 11.8 ± 1.7, and 2.4 ± 0.9 h, respectively. Various two-, three- or four-drug combinations were also screened; the PAEs for a two-drug combination were generally longer than individual drugs (mean PAE of 13.8 ± 1.5 to 29.2 ± 7.4 h instead of 2.4 ± 0.9 to 18.4 ± 2.5 h for single drugs). The addition of a third drug further increased the mean PAE to a range of 21.0 ± 2.6 to 32.4 ± 6.1 h. Both rifampin+clarithromycin and rifampin+amikacin were the most potent two-drug combinations resulting in longer PAEs than individual drugs, whereas rifampin+amikacin+clarithromycin was the most potent three-drug combination. Parallel viable count determinations showed a good correlation between the PAE results obtained by the radiometric method or by bacterial viability assessment. These results are useful in planning future clinical investigations to clarify the possible implication of PAE in drug schedule and dosage, a line of information that is urgently needed to guide the drug administration in M. avium-infected AIDS patients, who are presently over-burdened with the administration of too many drugs for HIV-treatment and opportunistic infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01714.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergistic activities of antituberculous drugs with cerulenin and trans-cinnamic acid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The recent upsurge in the incidence of tuberculosis with significant emergence of multidrug-resistant cases has focused on the priority of discovering effective new drugs and on the strategies to augment the potential of existing drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the present study, we investigated cerulenin and trans-cinnamic acid, which have recently been shown to augment the activity of various antibiotics against Mycobacterium avium [Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38 (1994) 2287–2295], to enhance the activity of isoniazid, rifampin, ofloxacin, amikacin and clofazimine against M. tuberculosis. The synergy observed was compared with identical combinations using ethambutol, a cell wall-inhibiting drug used in standard antituberculous chemotherapy. The results showed that ethambutol resulted in synergistic activity in 12/30 drug combinations, as compared to 15/36 for cerulenin and 10/18 for trans-cinnamic acid. This increase in drug activity was even observed with drug-resistant isolates. Use of novel antimicrobials and understanding of their mechanisms of action may be an effective strategy to determine previously undescribed targets for future drug development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01161.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antimycobacterial activity of chemically defined natural substances from the Caribbean flora in Guadeloupe (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 20 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Eight chemically defined, naturally occurring compounds were extracted from the tropical flora of the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe: pilocarpine, an alkaloid from Pilocarpus racemosus; heraclenol and isomeranzin, coumarins from Triphasia trifolia; lochnerin, an indole alkaloid from Rauwolfia biauriculata; ibogaine and voacangine, indole alkaloids from Tabernaemontana citrifolia; texalin, an oxazole from Amyris elemifera; and canellal, a sesquiterpene dialdehyde from Canella winterana. An essential oil fraction from Canella winterana was also tested. The antimycobacterial activity of these substances was tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium and M. kansasii using the Middlebrook 7H11 agar medium, the Bactec 460-TB radiometric methodology, and determination of bacterial viable counts. Three compounds, namely ibogaine, voacangine and texalin, showed antimycobacterial activity. Investigations on the structure-modification and structure-activity relationships of these compounds may help determine new targets for future drug development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01136.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stazyme, a mycobacteriolytic preparation from a Staphylococcus strain, is able to break the permeability barrier in multiple drug resistant Mycobacterium avium (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 19 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: As a strategy to augment the potential of existing drugs against Mycobacterium avium, we investigated a mycobacteriolytic preparation (stazyme) from the Staphylococcus strain Clavelis, which results in significant mycobacterial growth inhibition. A total of 10 specific protein bands were characterized in the stazyme preparation: three bands within a major 40–60 kDa fraction, five bands within the range of 30–90 kDa, and two bands of about 12 and 14 kDa respectively. Tested at concentrations of 50 and 200 μg ml−1 of total protein, stazyme was highly bactericidal against M. smegmatis, and bacteriostatic against M. tuberculosis and M. avium. Stazyme was able to break the permeability barrier of M. avium isolates, significantly enhancing the activity of other antituberculous drugs (ethambutol, rifampicin, and amikacin), used at sub-MIC level. Stazyme essentially possessed a lytic activity as evidenced by its ability to lyse purified M. smegmatis cell walls. This lytic activity was also confirmed on intact M. smegmatis and M. avium bacilli by transmission electron microscopy. Precise identification of this mycobacteriolytic determinant(s) in stazyme may be helpful to define novel drug targets in mycobacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01100.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Follow up of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in the French West Indies by IS6110-DNA fingerprinting and DR-based spoligotyping (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 21 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-695X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A total of 115 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from 80 patients were typed using IS6110-DNA fingerprinting and DR-based spoligotyping to describe the active transmission of tuberculosis in a Caribbean setting over a 2-year period. A total of 61 different pattern types were observed by IS6110-RFLP and 10 clusters containing between two and 15 patients could be defined. By spoligotyping, 45 different pattern types were observed with 12 clusters containing two to 11 patients. Thirty-two patients could be included in eight spoligotype-defined clusters and in nine RFLP-defined clusters when strictly concordant matching results were put together. In conclusion, about 40% of the patient isolates were clustered by DNA fingerprinting suggesting recent transmission of tuberculosis in our region. This study confirmed the increased accuracy and discriminatory power of the association of IS6110-RFLP and spoligotyping for studies on the molecular epidemiology of M. tuberculosis, and suggests that despite good implementation of tuberculosis control programs in Guadeloupe, active transmission of tuberculosis may be far more important than suspected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01167.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An easy and rapid method for isolation of entire mycobacterial genome for application in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (1991)
    Springer
    Current microbiology 22 (1991), S. 327-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0991
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A DNA extraction suitable for mycobacterial lysis in gentle conditions compatible with genome analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis is presented. Effects of preliminary treatments with SDS, Triton X-100, and hexane on mycobacterial outer layer were observed by electron microscopy. The most efficient procedure, performed on cells from liquid or solid medium, consisted of treatment by Triton X-100, agarose embedding of the cells, and further treatment with α-amylase followed by lysozyme and SDS-proteinase K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02091963
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