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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations on the natural mortality of the overwintering pupa of the cabbage root fly, Delia brassicae (Wiedemann), in Ireland (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 29 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The mean winter loss of pupae in four cabbage root fly populations in two peatland sites in Ireland in 1971/72, 1974/75 and 1975/76 was 58 · 4 per cent. Predation by carabids may have been involved as pupal loss was associated, in three winters, with the abundance of either Nebria brevicollis (F.) adults or carabid larvae. The parasites Trybliographa rapae (Westw.) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and Aleochara bilineata Gyll. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) were recorded at average rates of 10·4 and 3·9 per cent respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1980.tb01135.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Natural Mortality of Wheat Bulb Fly Pupae, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.) (Dipt., Anthomyiidae) (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 24 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The effect of predators and parasites on the mortality of wheat bulb by pupae was studied in the field at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, from 1964 to 1966. In two populations of pupae studied, 34 and 27 per cent were destroyed by predators, possibly carabid beetles. In two other populations, losses of 15–61 per cent and 29 per cent were also ascribed to predators. A fualher 0·5–5·8 per cent of pupae were killed by parasitic Hymenoptera.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1975.tb01853.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insecticidal effect of trans-2-nonenal, a constituent of carrot root (1980)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 36 (1980), S. 1387-1388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Vapour of trans-2-nonenal killed the carrot fly larva,Psila rosae, with an LC50 of 2.17 mg/24h. The aldehyde was identified in the essential oil of carrot in concentrations of up to 40 μg/root.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01960112
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volatiles identified from five stages of embryo development separated from a heterogeneous suspension culture of Daucus carota (1991)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 10 (1991), S. 435-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Five stages of embryo development were fractionated from a mature culture of Daucus carota (Gelbe Rheinsche), using a series of metal sieves. The composition of the population of embryos in each fraction was determined quantitatively from microscopic investigations. Volatiles from samples of tissue from six stages of development were trapped on activated charcoal cartridges. These volatiles, some of which may play a significant role in the interaction of the plant with the carrot root fly (Psila rosae), were analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. The resulting chromatograms are arranged in order of embryo development. The progressive elaboration of the volatile profile reflects the increased biosynthetic capacity of the developing embryo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233809
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between root volatiles of some carrot cultivars and their resistance to the carrot fly, Psila rosae (1984)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 36 (1984), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: carrot resistance ; Daucus carota ; carrot fly ; Psila rosae ; carrot cultivars ; nonpreference oviposition ; larval establishment in roots ; larval feeding ; root volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La résistance à P. rosae de quelques cultivars de carotte a été étudiée en plein champ. Parallèlement, les substances volatiles diffusées et celles extraites par la vapeur des racines de variétés résistantes et sensibles, ont été comparées en chromatographie gaz-liquide (GLC). Les résultats en champ ont confirmé que la résistance peut être due à une diminution du nombre d'oeufs pondus, révélant une absence d'attractivité pour les femelles de P. rosae. La résistance des racines aux larves a été aussi confirmée, mais les raisons n'en étaient pas claires. Un aspect nouveau est que la résistance des racines est indépendante de l'effet de la ponte, quelques cultivars présentant l'un ou l'autreeffet et certains, comme Regulus Imperial, manifestant les deux. Il est net que la résistance racinaire aux larves est la condition essentielle pour la sélection de variétés résistantes. Une différence importante a été mise en évidence par les comparaisons chimiques: les racines intactes de variétés résistantes libèrent nettement moins de substances volatiles. Précisément, Regulus a libéré 5 fois moins de substances volatiles déjà connues comme influençant positivement le comportement de découverte de l'hôte par la larve.
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments investigated the resistance of some carrot cultivars to Psila rosae. In addition, headspace vapour and steam distillate from the roots of resistant and susceptible varieties were compared by gas-liquid chromatography. The field data confirmed that resistance may operate by decreasing the numbers of eggs laid indicating a nonpreference by the female Psila. Root resistance to the larva was also confirmed but the mechanism was unclear. A new finding was that root resistance is independent of the effect of egg laying, some cultivars evincing one or the other effect and some such as Regulus Imperial displaying both. It was clear that root resistance to the larva is the crucial prerequisite in breeding resistant varieties. One consistent difference was detected by the chemical comparisons: intact roots of resistant varieties released substantially less volatiles. Specifically, Regulus released almost five times less of the volatiles already shown to positively influence host-finding behaviour by the larva.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185650
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant constituents and elucidation of primary elements of insect chemoreception (1978)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 24 (1978), S. 663-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La chaîne des évènements primaires de la chimioréception chez l'insecte est représentée par un paradigme qui souligne le rôle d'une macromolécule de récepteur sur la membrane du dendrite. La production maximale de récepteur par sensille olfactive est estimée à 5 × 10−13g.
    Notes: Abstract The chain of primary events in insect chemoreception is represented by a paradigm that emphasises the role of a receptor macromolecule on the dendritic membrane. The maximum yield of receptor per olfactory sensillum is estimated as ca. 5×10−13 g and an approach to purification is outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385122
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant-insect coevolution and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 1965-1975 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Herbivory ; pheromones ; chemical defense ; monoterpenes and diterpenes ; insect paralysis and mortality ; enzyme evolution ; coevolution ; acetylcholinesterase inhibition ; plant-insect coevolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The theory of plant-insect coevolution provides for diffuse coevolution and the expectation that plants evolve broad-spectrum chemical defenses with which some insects coevolve by detoxifying and using the compounds as host-location cues. Specific biochemical modes of action have been assigned to relatively few such defense chemicals and one major class, the terpenoids, is investigated here. Six terpenoids inhibited the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (derived from electric eel) and elicited the appropriate in vivo effects of insect paralysis and mortality. The diterpene gossypol was a reversible uncompetitive inhibitor. Five monoterpenes, representing a range of functional groups, were reversible competitive inhibitors apparently occupying at least the hydrophobic site of the enzyme's active center. Such data suggest the involvement of acetylcholinesterase in the coevolved insect response to terpenoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013489
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Root-mediated effects in carrot resistance to the carrot fly,Psila rosae (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1867-1882 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Carrot resistance ; carrot fly ; Psila rosae ; Diptera ; Psilidae ; main root factors ; nonpreference oviposition ; root resistance to larvae ; antibiosis ; root chemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments on two different soil types in Ireland assessed the extent and mechanisms of resistance toPsila rosae (F.), the carrot fly, with emphasis on the role of the carrot root. Ten carrot cultivars gave consistent results in terms of resistant and susceptible cultivars. Nonpreference oviposition was confirmed as a mechanism, and the use of egg traps, providing differential exposure of the main root, showed this was regulated by root factors, probably chemical constituents. Independent main root resistance to the larva was also confirmed, and this effect was established as consistent with a chemically mediated nonpreference. Antibiosis by the root was demonstrated. Such effects in three different modes indicate that main root properties are crucial in carrot resistance toPsila and suggest a pervasive influence of root chemicals on such resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012273
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    trans-2-Nonenal insect repellent, insecticide, and flavor compound in carrot roots, cell suspensions, and “hairy” root cultures (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 615-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: trans-2-Nonenal ; insecticide ; carrot root ; root regenerants ; genetic differences ; genetic manipulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Astrans-2-nonenal (T2N) acts as an insect repellent, an insecticide, and a flavor compound, it would be desirable to manipulate its concentration in plants. Simple, rapid, and accurate trapping on cartridges of activated charcoal detected T2N in headspace over carrot roots and regenerants. Concentrations ranged from 0.07 to 0.43 ppm total volatiles over the homogenized roots of a range of European carrot cultivars with the following statistically significant differences: Long Chantenay 〉 Sytan 〉 Vertou 〉 Touchon Prima. This suggests that the expression of T2N is determined genetically. Given the potential for genetic manipulation byin vitro techniques, the release of T2N and other terpenoids was monitored in carrot cell suspensions and in “hairy” root cultures of cv. Gelbe Rheinische. T2N concentrations were 6.23 ppm and 0.005 ppm, respectively, as compared with 0.15 ppm over the homogenized root of the same cultivar. Two terpenoids additional to T2N were detected from cell suspension cultures as compared with 14 from “hairy” root cultures. The ready detection in regenerants of this significant aldehyde indicates that its presence could be monitored in derivatives of otherin vitro manipulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00982130
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation, identification, and bioassay of chemicals affecting nonpreference carrot-root resistance to carrot-fly larva (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 1883-1897 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: CarrotDaucus carota ; Psila rosae ; Diptera ; Psilidae ; carrot-fly larva ; root chemicals ; carbonyl-rich fraction ; falcarinol ; falcarindiol ; fal-carindiol monoacetate ; electrophysiology ; neurotoxin ; carrot resistance factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Roots of the carrot cultivars Vertou L.D. (resistant) and Long Chantenay (susceptible) were subjected to detailed chemical analysis to identify extracts and compounds influencing larval host-finding (preference/non-preference) behavior and to compare concentrations of these compounds in resistant and susceptible cultivars. Vertou yielded threefold less volatile material in headspace extracts of pureed roots. Extracts of chopped root in methanol, steam, hexane, and chloroform were inactive in behavioral assays. However, ether extracts were active and their hydrocarbon and carbonyl-rich fractions contained potent attractants. The principal constituent of the carbonyl-rich fraction of each cultivar was the carotatoxin complex comprising the neurotoxin falcarinol (carotatoxin), falcarindiol, and falcarindiol monoacetate, the latter compound here reported for the first time from carrot. Falcarinol (50 and 100 μg) was active in a behavioral assay, and all three ingredients of the complex were potent electrophysiological stimuli, eliciting maximum single unit responses to source concentrations of 10 ng. Furthermore, the complex was more abundant by about 1000 μg/root in Long Chantenay. As this comprised extra amounts of 70, 862, and 110 μg of falcarinol, falcarindiol, and falcarindiol monoacetate, respectively, the observed differences seem both behaviorally and physiologically relevant. It is generally accepted that coevolution has transformed the role of many toxins into host-location cues, but this seems a relatively rare example of a neurotoxin (falcarinol) evincing, in decreased concentrations, nonpreference host resistance. This evolved response to a toxin present in large concentrations is contrasted with that totrans-2-nonenal, which paralyses and kills the larva and is present in only trace amounts in the root.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01012274
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