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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    N2 fixation in Thai soybeans: Effect of tillage and inoculation on15N-determined N2 fixation in recommended cultivars and advanced breeding lines (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 183-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 15N isotope dilution ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The practice of seeding soybeans following paddy rice in Thailand has encountered difficulties in seedling germination, nodulation and crop establishment. This research project evaluated the choice of a non-fixing control to quantify N2 fixation by15N isotope dilution, and the effect of tillage regime, soybean cultivar, strain ofBradyrhizobium japonicum and P fertilization on yield and N2 fixation after paddy rice in northern and central Thailand. Japanese non-nodulating lines Tol-0 and A62-2 were the most appropriatecontrol plants for15N isotope dilution for Thai soybeans in these soils which contained indigenous rhizobia. Cereals such as maize, sorghum and barley were also appropriate controls at some sites. The choice of the appropriate non-fixing control plant for the15N isotope dilution technique remains a dilemma and no alternative exists other than to use several possible controls with each experiment. Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) proved of little value for screening varieties on their N2 fixing capacity. The recommended Thai soybean cultivars (SJ1, 2, 4, 5) and an advanced line 16–4 differed little in their ability to support N2 fixation or yield, possibly due to similar breeding ancestry. The ten AVRDC (ASET) lines showed considerable genotypic control in their ability to utilize their three available N sources (soil, fertilizer, atmosphere) and to translate them into yields. None of these lines were consistently superior to Thai cultivars SJ4 or SJ5 although ASET lines 129, 209 and 217 showed considerable promise. Neither recommended Thai or ASET cultivars were affected by tillage regime. Zero tillage resulted in superior N2 fixation and yield at two sites but conventional tillage was superior at another site. Soybean cultivars grown in Thailand were well adapted to zero tillage. Levels of N2 fixation were similar to world figures, averaging more than 100 kg N ha−1 and supplying over 50% of the plant's N yield. However, seed yields seldom exceeded 2 t ha−1, well below yields for temperately-grown soybeans. It is not clear why Thai soybeans support N2 fixation, but do not translate this into higher seed yields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139994
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection of Rhizobium leguminosarum strains for lentil (Lens culinaris) under growth room and field conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; grain yield ; N difference ; N2 fixation ; 15N-isotope dilution ; nodule ; Rhizobium ; selection parameters ; total N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Most of the production of lentil (Lens culinaris) on the Great Plains occurs on soils that are free of indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum. Inoculation is required to increase yields through N2 fixation. A screening program to evaluate the effectiveness of R. leguminosarum strains for lentil was initially carried out under controlled environments followed by an evaluation under field conditions. In two separate growth room experiments, the effectiveness of 185 and 24 different strains of R. leguminosarum were tested for Laird and Eston lentil. Significant differences between strains in number of nodules, shoot weight and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA) were found for lentil grown for 5 weeks. When lentil were grown for 7 weeks, significant differences between strains in number of nodules, total plant weight, total N, and % N were observed. Fourteen strains plus Nitragin ‘C’ inoculant were selected for further field testing on Eston and Laird lentil at two locations in 1986 and one site in 1987. Inoculation increased yield up to 135%. Percent Ndfa and total N2 fixed ranged from 0 to 76 and 0 to 105 kg ha-1, respectively. N2-fixing activity was site specific and higher spring soil NO3-levels resulted in lower N2-fixing activity. Depending on site and growing conditions, strains 99A1 and I-ICAR-SYR-Le20 appeared to be superior to the other strains tested. A good agreement was found between the estimates for N2 fixation based upon the 15N-isotope dilution and the classical N difference methods. Number of nodules, dry weight of nodules and ARA of Eston and Laird lentil grown under growth room conditions failed to show positive correlations with total dry matter production, total N or total N2 fixed of field grown lentil. However, total plant weight and total N of lentil grown under growth room conditions were highly correlated with field parameters, and were the most reliable screening parameters for the selection of superior rhizobial strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013096
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection ofRhizobium leguminosarum strains for lentil (Lens culinaris) under growth room and field conditions (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acetylene reduction ; grain yield ; N difference ; N2 fixation ; 15N-isotope dilution ; nodule ; Rhizobium ; selection parameters ; total N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Most of the production of lentil (Lens culinaris) on the Great Plains occurs on soils that are free of indigenousRhizobium leguminosarum. Inoculation is required to increase yields through N2 fixation. A screening program to evaluate the effectiveness ofR. leguminosarum strains for lentil was initially carried out under controlled environments followed by an evaluation under field conditions. In two separate growth room experiments, the effectiveness of 185 and 24 different strains ofR. leguminosarum were tested for Laird and Eston lentil. Significant differences between strains in number of nodules, shoot weight and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA) were found for lentil grown for 5 weeks. When lentil were grown for 7 weeks, significant differences between strains in number of nodules, total plant weight, total N, and % N were observed. Fourteen strains plus Nitragin ‘C’ inoculant were selected for further field testing on Eston and Laird lentil at two locations in 1986 and one site in 1987. Inoculation increased yield up to 135%. Percent Ndfa and total N2 fixed ranged from 0 to 76 and 0 to 105 kg ha-1, respectively. N2-fixing activity was site specific and higher spring soil NO3-levels resulted in lower N2-fixing activity. Depending on site and growing conditions, strains 99A1 and I-ICAR-SYR-Le20 appeared to be superior to the other strains tested. A good agreement was found between the estimates for N2 fixation based upon the15N-isotope dilution and the classical N difference methods. Number of nodules, dry weight of nodules and ARA of Eston and Laird lentil grown under growth room conditions failed to show positive correlations with total dry matter production, total N or total N2 fixed of field grown lentil. However, total plant weight and total N of lentil grown under growth room conditions were highly correlated with field parameters, and were the most reliable screening parameters for the selection of superior rhizobial strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444103
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field studies on gaseous nitrogen losses from soils under continuous wheat versus a wheat-fallow rotation (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 15-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylene inhibition technique ; Denitrifier counts ; Dinitrogen ; Nitrous oxide ; Potential denitrification rates ; 15N balance sheet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field studies were conducted over a period of two years (April to November inclusive) to assess gaseous losses of nitrogen (N2O+N2) using the acetylene inhibition technique from two Black Chernozemic soils (Hoey cl and Hamlin cl) under continuous wheat (W-W) and wheat-summerfallow (W-F) rotations. Gaseous N losses from cropped fields were very low in both years ranging from 2 to 3 kg N.ha−1.yr−1; up to 60% of this nitrogen was generally lost during the early spring period (April to May). Losses of N from the W-F rotation were two to five times higher than from the continuous wheat rotation. The contribution of lower soil horizons towards gaseous N losses was negligible; the marked decrease in N2O flux with soil depth followed similar decreasing patterns of organic carbon, denitrifier counts and potential denitrification rates. 15N-labelled balance studies were carried out on microplots established on the same two sites during the 1981 growing season. Cumulative nitrogen losses measured during the period May 26 to August 31 using the acetylene technique were 1.8±0.7 and 1.2±0.3 kg N.ha−1 at the Hoey and Hamlin sites, respectively. These results agree closely with the amount of nitrogen which could not be accounted for in the N balance studies (2.3±3.1 and 1.2±2.1 kg N.ha−1, respectively). While the acetylene technique is highly labour intensive, these studies indicate it has an advantage over the15N balance approach, namely, the capability to assess short-term response of denitrification to rainfall events in particular.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178610
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of soil microbial biomass N under zero and shallow tillage for spring wheat, using15N urea (1984)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Biomass ; Chernozemic soils ; Chloroform fumigation ; Microbial biomass N ; 15N-urea ; Spring wheat ; Urea ; Zero and shallow tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Field studies to determine the effect of zero and shallow (10 cm) cultivation on microbial biomass were conducted on several Chernozemic soils in western Canada. Using the CHCl3 fumigation method, the distribution of microbial biomass N and the immobilization and subsequent release of added15N (15N-urea) from the microbial biomass were determined in the A horizon, at the 0 to 5 and 5 to 10 cm depth, during the growing season for spring wheat. Temporal variation in microbial biomass N, associated with the development of the rhizosphere, was characterized by an increase between Feekes stage 1 and 5 or 10 and decrease at Feekes stage 11.4. Over the long term, the variation in biomass N between tillage systems corresponded with crop residue distribution. Immobilization of fertilizer N was related to the increase in biomass N from Feekes stage 1, which in turn, was associated with the incorporation of recent crop residues or levels of labile organic matter in the surface soil. The study demonstrated the relatively rapid remineralization of immobilized fertilizer N under field conditions and emphasized the role of the microbial biomass N as both a sink and source of mineral N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205576
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  • 6
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    THE P32 INJECTION METHOD FOR STUDYING THE ROOT SYSTEM OF WHEAT (1964)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1964-02-01
    Description: A new technique involving the use of P32 for the study of plant root development is described. Carrier-free P32 was injected into the stem of wheat plants using a microliter syringe. After allowing 5 days for the P32 to distribute throughout the total plant system, soil–root cores were taken, ashed at 500 °C, and the activity of a pressed soil briquet was determined.The amount of roots measured by the injection method was compared to the more laborious root-washing procedure. Very close agreement between the two methods was realized when the activity of the soil–root cores was recalculated to measure the per cent distribution of the roots within a particular core as compared to the total depth sampled. Preliminary data are reported on experiments designed to estimate the influence of various factors such as phosphate fertilization, soil types, and moisture stress on root development.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 7
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    GASEOUS NITROGEN LOSSES FROM CROPPED AND SUMMER-FALLOWED SOILS (1982)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-02-01
    Description: A study designed to assess gaseous losses of N as N2O and N2 from soils of conventional till fields seeded to wheat in the Chernozemic soil region of Saskatchewan, together with limited supporting laboratory investigations, has confirmed that for the May-November period losses were in the vicinity of 3 kg N∙ha−1 or less. In contrast, total losses from a summer-fallowed field were approximately 300% higher. Comparisons at one site were made of N losses from a conventionally tilled and zero-tilled Dark Brown Chernozemic soil seeded to wheat; the total losses of N were twice as high for the zero till as the conventional till treatments. The N2O fluxes were shown to be the result of both reductive (denitrification) and oxidative (nitrification) processes and generally, under the conditions of these field experiments, both occurred simultaneously. This experiment also confirmed that C2H2 inhibited nitrification in a manner very similar to N-serve, a well-known nitrification inhibitor.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 8
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    NITROGEN ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION DURING AMMONIUM EXCHANGE REACTIONS WITH SOIL CLAY (1978)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-02-01
    Description: Nitrogen isotopic fractionation during ammonium adsorption by clay colloids was shown to occur in two time-dependent stages. A rapid 15N enrichment of the NH4+ in solution was followed by a gradual depletion until, after an 8- to 10-h equilibrium period, the δa15N of the NH4+ in solution was approximately 1; this value was significantly lower than the initial value of 2.3 for the NH4Cl used in these experiments. The isotopic equilibrium constant (ke) for the ammonium adsorption reaction was greater than unity, and higher for the Ca2+- than K+-saturated clay colloids.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 9
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    CHANGES IN SOIL QUALITY UNDER ZERO TILLAGE FARMING SYSTEMS: DISTRIBUTION OF MICROBIAL BIOMASS AND MINERALIZABLE C AND N POTENTIALS (1982)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-11-01
    Description: The objectives of this study were to evaluate if zero tillage had significantly altered the distribution of certain soil properties formally developed under the shallow cultivation (conventional tillage) soil management systems used on the Canadian prairies. To this end, concentration gradients of available plant nutrients, microbial biomass and mineralizable C and N, were determined in the Ap soil horizon from four locations representing zero and conventional (shallow) tillage systems of 2-, 4-, 12- and 16-yr duration. No significant change coud be detected in total soil organic C and N between tillages systems. Concentrations of plant-available P and K were slightly increased in the surface 0- to 2-cm depth after 16 yr of zero tillage. Except for the 2-yr tillage site, concentration gradients of potential microbial biomass C and N, and potential net mineralizable C and N were significantly greater in the surface soil under zero tillage in comparison to conventional tillage. The reverse situation was observed at the lower depth. The percentage of soil organic C and N that was in the microbial biomass also reflected the above trends. Accumulation of mineral N and calculated N mineralization potentials were closely correlated to both the initial microbial biomass N and the decrease in size of the latter during mineralization. The possible relationships of tillage induced change and redistribution in potential biological activity to N availability were discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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  • 10
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    THE SIGNIFICANCE OF LOCAL SOIL TYPES TO SOIL FERTILITY STUDIES (1960)
    Canadian Science Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 1960-08-01
    Description: Soil productivity data included in this study were obtained from field experiments laid down in areas of soil, characteristic of individual member profiles of catenary groups of the Weyburn and Oxbow Associations, and of a mapping complex comprising members of the Sceptre, Kindersley, and Flaxcombe Associations.The criteria used to assess soil productivity included the yield of gram with and without phosphorus and nitrogen fertilization, uptake of fertilizer phosphorus, 'A' values (from field and greenhouse experiments) and extractable phosphorus (NaHCO3 and H2CO3).The data illustrate the variability in yield and response to phosphorus fertilization that can be expected within relatively short distances in any one field in which complexity of soil pattern occurs. These differences in productivity were closely associated with pedogenic differences used to classify the soils.It was concluded that considerable care must be taken in the interpretation and application of fertility data obtained from small plot experiments as the data are applicable to only one particular soil type, in most instances the soil member on which the test was established; such data cannot be used to represent mapping units which include even closely associated soil types.
    Print ISSN: 0008-4271
    Electronic ISSN: 1918-1841
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Canadian Science Publishing
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