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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 184 (1959), S. 465-466 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the experiments leaf disks (12 mm. diam., cut so as to include a portion of a secondary vein) were used. After washing the leaves in 3 per cent hydrogen peroxide the disks were cut and kept for 60 hr. on an isotonic salts solution (pH 5*5) with or without addition of ...
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology 10 (1959), S. 441-458 
    ISSN: 0066-4294
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 200 (1963), S. 90-91 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The first experiments involved a relatively fast-growing strain of Haplopappus cultures, which has been grown since 19594 on 0.6 per cent agar media containing White's nutrient5 and 2,4-D at a concentration of 5 1C?9 g/ml. These cultures are soft and can be spread into single cells and small cell ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 216 (1967), S. 1215-1216 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Now and in previous experiments, freshly isolated tissues of the cambial area from two commercial varieties of carrot (cultivars: 'Rote Riesen' or 'Lobbericher Futterriiben') were used. They were always transferred after 4 weeks of culture and kept in the dark at a temperature of 28 ± 1 C. ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 220 (1968), S. 1340-1341 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Callus induction and subculture were carried out by a method already described1. In each experiment explants were cut from five carrots, pooled and distributed in equal parts. The initial freshweight of the subcultures was always 200-400 mg. The cultures were isolated from two commercial varieties ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Endeavour 21 (1962), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 0160-9327
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Phytochemistry 14 (1975), S. 41-47 
    ISSN: 0031-9422
    Keywords: Daucus carota ; Umbelliferae ; carrot ; embryogenesis ; non-histone proteins ; template activity.
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Licht stimulierte das Wachstum der Zellen von Kalluskulturen ausCrepis capillaris, die auf einem modifizierten Medium nachMurashige undSkoog wuchsen. Die höchste Frischgewichtszunahme erreichten die Kulturen im Hellrotlicht (570% in 3 Wochen), die niedrigsten Werte (220%) wurden bei der Dunkelkultur gemessen. Im Dunkelrotlicht (740 nm) und Blaulicht (410 nm) ist das Kalluswachstum mit Frischgewichtszunahmen von 380% identisch. Kinetin konnte den wachstumsfördernden Effekt des Hellrotlichts (660 nm) ersetzen. In Gegenwart von Kinetin (10−6 g/ml) wurde im Dunkelrotlicht die Frischgewichtszunahme pigmentfreier Zellen von 380 auf 790%, im Dunkeln von 220 auf 850% pro Kulturperiode erhöht. Das Wachstum des chlorophyllhaltigen Kallus im Blaulicht konnte dagegen durch Kinetin nicht gefördert werden. Sowohl Kinetin als auch Hellrotlicht erhöhten die Zellteilungsrate in den Kalluskulturen. Das Phytohormon war dabei wirksamer als das Licht. Auf SD-Medium ohne Kinetin betrug die durchschnittliche Generationszeit der Kalluszellen im Hellrotlicht 7,7 Tage, im Dunkeln 12,3 Tage. In Gegenwart von Kinetin wurde die Generationszeit der Kalluszellen bei Dunkelkultur auf 6,5 Tage verringert, das entsprach etwa einer Verdoppelung der Zellteilungsrate. Die Teilung der Crepiszellen wurde im Blaulicht durch Kinetin nicht gefördert. Die Proteinsynthese, gemessen durch den Einbau von14C-Leucin in die Gesamtproteinfraktion, war im Hellrotlicht um 55 bis 80% höher als im Blaulicht, im Dunkelrotlicht und im Dunkeln. Parallel zur Wachstumsförderung stimulierte Kinetin die Proteinsynthese. Die Einbaurate von14C-Leucin wurde um 70 bis 115% gesteigert, wenn die Kulturen im Dunkelrotlicht oder im Dunkeln den Kinetinzusatz erhielten. Im Blaulicht förderte Kinetin die Proteinsynthese nicht. Die morphogenetischen Eigenschaften der Crepiskulturen wurden ebenfalls durch Licht und Phytohormone beeinflußt. Gibberellin (10−6−10−9g/ml) induzierte im Zusammenwirken mit Blaulicht die Regeneration von Sprossen und Blättern in 41/2 Jahre alten chlorophyll-haltigen Crepiskulturen, die seit Jahren nicht mehr zur Regeneratbildung angeregt werden konnten. Es ist das erste Mal, daß dieses Phänomen nachgewiesen werden konnte. 50% dieser Kulturen bildeten nach 6wöchiger Kultur auf gibberellinhaltigem Medium im Blaulicht Blätter und Sprosse. In den chlorophyllfreien Rotlicht- und Dunkelkulturen entwickelten sich unter den gleichen Bedingungen keine Regenerate.
    Notes: Summary Growth of green and chlorophyll-free cultures isolated from the leaves ofCrepis capillaris on SD-medium was stimulated by light, but different wavelengths had differential effects on growth. The highest increase in fresh weight (570% in 3 weeks) was attained in red light, whereas growth was strongly reduced in darkness (220% increase in 3 weeks). Increase in fresh weight in far-red or in blue light (380% in 3 weeks) was lower than in red light but significantly higher than in darkness. The promoting effect of red light on cell growth could be completely replaced by kinetin with an increase in the fresh weight of up to 790% in far-red and to 850% in darkness in the presence of kinetin (10−6 g/ml). In contrast growth of green cultures in blue light could not be enhanced by kinetin. Cell division was stimulated by kinetin as well as by red light (660 nm). The mean generation times of cells growing on SD-medium were 7.7 days in red light but 12.3 days in darkness. Enhancement of cell division by kinetin resulted in a marked reduction of the mean generation times of the callus cells. In far-red light the mean generation time was shortened from 9 to 6.7 days and in darkness from 12.3 days to 6.5 days. This means a nearly twofold increase in cell division rate. However in blue light cell division was not stimulated by kinetin. Protein synthesis as measured by the incorporation of14C-leucin was much higher in red light (55–80%) than in blue, far-red or in darkness. Protein synthesis was considerably enhanced (70–115%) in far-red or darkness if callus cells were grown in the presence of kinetin. But in blue light it was hardly stimulated even in the presence of kinetin. The morphogenetic behaviour of cultures fromCrepis capillaris was markedly changed by light and phytohormones. Green cultures grown for 4 1/2 years recovered their organ forming capacity only if they were cultured in blue light in the presence of gibberellic acid. After 6 weeks of sub-culture in blue light on SD-medium supplemented with gibberellic acid (10−6−10−9 g/ml) nearly 50% of the green cultures produced shoots and leaves. This is the first report about this phenomenon. Chlorophyll free callus did not form organs in red light or darkness.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 93 (1977), S. 55-70 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Carrot cells in suspension culture were incubated during the log-phase of the culture transfer cycle for different periods with one of the following precursors of nucleic acid synthesis: [32P]-orthophosphate, [5,6-3H]-uridine, and [2-14C]-uridine. Cells were gently broken by a short period of sonication, and the total RNA of the cells was extracted by a phenoldetergent method at pH 9.0. Subsequently, crude RNA was purified from contaminating substances like carbohydrates and nucleotides, and the pure RNA preparations were characterized by MAK-chromatography and constant velocity sedimentation in isokinetic sucrose gradients. Rapidly-labelled RNA-fractions were detected in the radioactive profiles obtained with both separation methods. These RNA-fractions showed a high specific incorporation rate, but almost no detectable UV-absorbance,i.e., they are RNA species with a high turnover rate and represent only a small part of the total RNA of the cell. With increasing periods of labelling and in a series of pulse-chase experiments high molecular weight RNA-fractions released by high-salt washing of MAK-columns exhibited a shift of the incorporated radioactivity from fractions with higher to those of lower molecular weights. Furthermore, in sucrose gradients a similar shift was observed for RNA-fractions with estimated sedimentation coefficients of 50 S, 40 S, 34 S and 22 S; the radioactivity was converted from these high to the low S-values of the 26 S and 18 S rRNAs, respectively. This parallel in the behaviour of the high molecular weight RNA-fractions from both separation methods indicates their putative role as precursors of rRNA-synthesis. Moreover, there is evidence that the high molecular weight RNA-fractions from the MAK-columns which were eluted after the 26 S rRNA consist not only of the precursors of rRNAs, but also of polydisperse RNA-fractions with S-values smaller than 18 S. These probably contain fractions of HnRNA and mRNA.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 70 (1970), S. 49-60 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von einer Methode, welche auf einem chemisch eindeutig definierten Agarmedium einen hohen Prozentsatz (70%) an Teilungen von isolierten, parenchymatischen Einzelzellen aus Gewebekulturen vonDaucus carota gewährleistet, konnte erstmalig der Verlauf der Embryogenesein vitro direkt, das heißt durch mikroskopische Beobachtung, verfolgt werden. Die Embryobildung wurde in der Regel durch eine inäquale Teilung der Einzelzelle eingeleitet. Danach entstand durch kurzfristig aufeinanderfolgende Teilungen der parenchymatischen Einzelzelle ein Komplex aus embryonalen und parenchymatischen Zellen, aus dem sich innerhalb von vier Wochen Embryonen entwickelten. Die beobachtete Embryogenese verlief also indirekt, das heißt, Voraussetzung für die Bildung von Embryonen war die Entstehung einer größeren Anzahl von embryonalen Zellen. Rund 30% der sich teilenden Einzelzellen waren in der Lage, unter den gegebenen Versuchsbedingungen innerhalb von vier Wochen diese embryonalen Zellen zu bilden. Verschiedene Fragen, die sich aus diesen Resultaten für die Beurteilung von Hypothesen bzw. Von anderen Ergebnissen über die Embryogenesein vitro ergeben, werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary For the first time the course of embryogenesisin vitro starting with a single cell could be followed directly (by serial microscopic observations) in experiments using isolated single cells derived from friable tissue cultures ofDaucus carota dividing to a high percentage on a chemically defined agar medium. As a rule this formation of embryos starts with an unequal division of an isolated cell. Subsequently a complex consisting of embryonic and parenchymatic cells is formed by a series of cell divisions of one of the two daughter cells. The embryonic cells in this complex are able to form embryos within four weeks. Around 30% of the dividing single cells have the capacity to form these embryonic complexes. The observed formation of embryos is indirect, since under the experimental conditions used a precondition for embryogenesis is a number of divisions of the isolated single cell. The bearing of these results is discussed in relation to previous work and in relation to various hypothetical schemes concerning embryogenesisin vitro.
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