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  • 1
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    Excitatory synaptic responses mediated by GABAA receptors in the hippocampus (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-20
    Description: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cortex. Activation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors hyperpolarizes cells and inhibits neuronal activity. Synaptic responses mediated by GABAA receptors also strongly excited hippocampal neurons. This excitatory response was recorded in morphologically identified interneurons in the presence of 4-aminopyridine or after elevation of extracellular potassium concentrations. The synaptic excitation sustained by GABAA receptors synchronized the activity of inhibitory interneurons. This synchronized discharge of interneurons in turn elicited large-amplitude inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in pyramidal and granule cells. Excitatory synaptic responses mediated by GABAA receptors may thus provide a mechanism for the recruitment of GABAergic interneurons through their recurrent connections.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Michelson, H B -- Wong, R K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 20;253(5026):1420-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Brooklyn 11203.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1654594" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 4-Aminopyridine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Atropine/*pharmacology ; Evoked Potentials/drug effects ; Guinea Pigs ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology ; Propranolol/*pharmacology ; Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects/*physiology ; Synapses/drug effects/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Model of the origin of rhythmic population oscillations in the hippocampal slice (1989)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989-03-10
    Description: One goal of mammalian neurobiology is to understand the generation of neuronal activity in large networks. Conceptual schemes have been based on either the properties of single cells or of individual synapses. For instance, the intrinsic oscillatory properties of individual thalamic neurons are thought to underlie thalamic spindle rhythms. This issue has been pursued with a computer model of the CA3 region of the hippocampus that is based on known cellular and synaptic properties. Over a wide range of parameters, this model generates a rhythmic activity at a frequency faster than the firing of individual cells. During each rhythmic event, a few cells fire while most other cells receive synchronous synaptic inputs. This activity resembles the hippocampal theta rhythm as well as synchronized synaptic events observed in vitro. The amplitude and frequency of this emergent rhythmic activity depend on intrinsic cellular properties and the connectivity and strength of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Traub, R D -- Miles, R -- Wong, R K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Mar 10;243(4896):1319-25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IBM Research Division, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2646715" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Computer Simulation ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Models, Neurological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Pyramidal Tracts/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 3
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    Relationship Between Number and Size of Required Steel Reinforcement to Beam Dimension of Standard Public School in Malaysia (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-11-10
    Description: Overdesign of structural components may result in unnecessary wastage of materials and contribute towards higher construction cost. One structural component most frequently overdesigned is the Reinforced Concrete beam where the amount of steel reinforcements used are way much higher than required to cater for intended design loading. This paper scrutinizes the relationship between the size of beam towards number and size of the required steel bar of the general public school, the number and size of the tension reinforcement bar needed due to the variation of beam size in each ratio based on the general public school and the number and size of the shear reinforcement bar needed due to the variation of beam size in each ratio based on the general public school to become the guideline for the beam design.
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 4
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    GABAA-receptor function in hippocampal cells is maintained by phosphorylation factors (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-07-15
    Description: Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediates fast synaptic inhibition in the central nervous system by activating the chloride-permeable GABAA channel. The GABAA conductance progressively diminishes with time when the intracellular contents of hippocampal neurons are perfused with a minimal intracellular medium. This "run down" of the GABA-activated conductance can be prevented by the inclusion of magnesium adenosine triphosphate and calcium buffer in the intracellular medium. The amount of chloride conductance that can be activated by GABA is determined by competition between a calcium-dependent process that reduces the conductance and a phosphorylation process that maintains the conductance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stelzer, A -- Kay, A R -- Wong, R K -- NS 24519/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 24682/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Jul 15;241(4863):339-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2455347" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/physiology ; Chlorides/physiology ; Egtazic Acid/pharmacology ; Electric Conductivity ; Guinea Pigs ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Ion Channels/physiology ; Magnesium/pharmacology ; *Neural Inhibition ; Phosphorylation ; Receptors, GABA-A/*physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Cellular mechanism of neuronal synchronization in epilepsy (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-05-14
    Description: Interictal spikes are a simple kind of epileptic neuronal activity. Field potentials and intracellular recordings observed during interictal spikes of penicillin-treated slices of the hippocampus were reproduced by a mathematical model of a network of 100 hippocampal neurons from the region including CA2 and CA3. The model shows that this form of neuronal synchronization arises because of mutual excitation between neurons, each of which is capable of intrinsic bursting in response to a brief input.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Traub, R D -- Wong, R K -- NS18464/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 May 14;216(4547):745-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7079735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects ; Epilepsy/*physiopathology ; Hippocampus/*physiopathology ; Models, Biological ; Neurons/physiology ; Penicillins/pharmacology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Dendritic mechanisms underlying penicillin-induced epileptiform activity (1979)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979-06-15
    Description: The action of penicillin on synaptically evoked dendritic activity was examined with the use of hippocampal slice preparations. Orthodormic activation of CA1 pyramidal neurons produced an excitatory-inhibitory postsynaptic potential sequence recorded intracellularly in the dendrites. Treatment with penicillin resulted in the appearance of spontaneous and synaptically evoked multipeaked field potentials and associated depolarization shifts and spike burst generation in CA1 cells. Intracellular recordings revealed that penicillin produced no detectable change in passive membrane properties of the postsynaptic dendrites. However, the inhibitory postsynaptic potential was suppressed by penicillin, resulting in the release of intrinsic dendritic burst firing during synaptic activation. These findings emphasize the role of normal patterns of dendritic burst generation in the production of intense neuronal discharge during penicillin-induced epileptiform activities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wong, R K -- Prince, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1979 Jun 15;204(4398):1228-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/451569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/*drug effects ; Animals ; Culture Techniques ; Dendrites/*drug effects ; Epilepsy/physiopathology ; Guinea Pigs ; Hippocampus/*drug effects ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; Neural Inhibition/drug effects ; Penicillin G/*pharmacology ; Synapses/drug effects ; Synaptic Membranes/drug effects
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Sustained dendritic gradients of Ca2+ induced by excitatory amino acids in CA1 hippocampal neurons (1988)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-04-29
    Description: Spatially resolved measurements of intracellular free calcium and of the changes produced by excitatory amino acids were made in neurons isolated from adult mammalian brain. Extremely long-lasting (minutes) Ca2+ gradients were induced in the apical dendrites of hippocampal CA1 neurons after brief (1 to 3 seconds), local application of either glutamate or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). These gradients reflect the continuous flux of Ca2+ into the dendrite. The sustained gradients, but not the immediate transient response to the agonists, were prevented by prior treatment with the protein kinase C inhibitor sphingosine. Expression of the long-lasting Ca2+ gradients generally required a priming or conditioning stimulus with the excitatory agonist. The findings demonstrate a coupling between NMDA receptor activation and long-lasting intracellular Ca2+ elevation that could contribute to certain use-dependent modifications of synaptic responses in hippocampal CA1 neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Connor, J A -- Wadman, W J -- Hockberger, P E -- Wong, R K -- NS24519/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1988 Apr 29;240(4852):649-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2452481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Benzofurans ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Dendrites/*metabolism ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Fura-2 ; Glutamates/pharmacology ; Glutamic Acid ; Guinea Pigs ; Hippocampus/drug effects/*metabolism ; Ion Channels/drug effects/metabolism ; Magnesium/pharmacology ; Membrane Potentials/drug effects ; N-Methylaspartate ; Neurons/drug effects/*metabolism ; Potassium/metabolism ; Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors ; Sphingosine/pharmacology ; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear analysis of sensory transduction in an insect mechanoreceptor (1977)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 26 (1977), S. 231-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Tactile sensilla of the trochanteral hair plate in the coxotrochanteral joint of the cockroach leg were stimulated by random (white noise) displacement and the afferent action potentials resulting from the stimulation were observed. From the resulting signals, the first and second order frequency response functions between the stimulus and the response were computed, together with their inverse Fourier transforms, the time domain Wiener kernels. Analysis of these results shows that the behaviour of the receptor may be minimally accounted for by a cascade of two functional elements, where the first is a linear element affected by the past history of the input signal (memory) and the second is a nonlinear element with no memory. The behaviour of the linear element is very close to that of a time differentiator or velocity detector, while the nonlinear element behaves as a rectifier which transmits the velocity signal only during flexion of the limb. The results suggest that the functional description may correspond to a physical system with two parts. The element performing differentiation is probably a fluid cavity in the mechanical connection from the hair to the dendrite, and the element performing rectification is most likely to be found in the cell membrane of the dendrite.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00366595
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Limiting mechanisms of slow dilatant plastic shear deformation of granular media (1988)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 336 (1988), S. 52-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Steady state implies the sustaining of a given principal stress ratio c^/o-3 and dilation rate á€" 5e3/6á£1 through a finite strain increment (see Fig. la, which defines the stresses cr and deformations 8e). Both the conventional mechanism and our proposed ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/336052a0
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The responses of trochanteral hair plate sensilla in the cockroach to periodic and random displacements (1976)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 22 (1976), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two types of sensillum have previously been described in the trochanteral hair plate of the cockroach with differences in physical size, extracellularly recorded impulse amplitude and response to displacement. We have now examined the dynamic behaviour of the two types of sesillum in response to sinusoidal and random displacements. Type I sensilla have a frequency threshold of about 6 Hz, below which there is no response to sinusoidal displacement. Above the frequency threshold they behave as velocity sensors with a 90° phase lead of response over displacement and increasing response with increasing frequency. Type II sensilla have no detectable frequency threshold and behave as position sensors at low frequencies. With increasing frequency they display a phase lead over the stimulus but it nerver exceeds about 60°. Random stimulation followed by spectral analysis of the input-output relations give similar descriptions to the sinusoidal results except that low frequency position sensitivity is revealed in the Type I sensilla. The coherence function for both types of sensillum is low, indicating that the linear frequency response functions are poor approximations to the total behaviour of the sensilla. Earlier investigations of these receptors in a range of insects suggested that they are primarily involved in the control of joint positions during very slow movements. However, the present results, together with other recent work, indicates that they are also important in the control of rapid movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00340230
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