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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Langmuir 4 (1988), S. 489-499 
    ISSN: 1520-5827
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Langmuir 8 (1992), S. 3142-3144 
    ISSN: 1520-5827
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of physical chemistry 〈Washington, DC〉 68 (1964), S. 3619-3624 
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 273 (1995), S. 572-578 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Decylammonium-alkanolbeidellite complexes ; miscibility gap in mixed alkanol complexes ; structure of intercalated bilayers ; coexistence of phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Complexes have been prepared by treatment ofn-decylammonium beidellite with mixtures ofn-decanol andn-tetradecanol with different concentrations. Measurements of the basal spacings of the obtained complexes have been performed in a wide range of temperatures. Three different bilayer phases have been established between (20 and 70°C: theβ i(C10) phases (=bilayers ofn-decyl chains); theβ i(C10/C14) phases (=mixed bilayers ofn-decyl andn-tetradecyl chains in molar ratio approximately 1:1) and theβ i(C14) phases (=bilayer ofn-tetradecy 1 chains with then-decylammonium ions included). In all bilayer phases the chains stand perpendicular to the silicate interfaces. In definite concentration ranges two of the phases coexist, i.e., miscibility gaps occur, which disappear at temperatures higher than the temperature of theβ i/α transition. The miscibility gaps are reversible with temperature. The composition of the intercalated bilayers has been studied by HPLC of the excess alkanol mixture separated from the beidellite complexes after the equilibrium has been reached. There is preferential adsorption of one of two alkanols from the mixture, which is in agreement with the observed miscibility gaps. The space filling problem as well as the structure of the three bilayer phases observed have been discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde der Einfluß der Tensidkonzentrationc s auf die Gleichgewichtsdickeb r von Schaumfilmen und das Potential ϖ0 der diffusen elektrischen Doppelschicht in einem weiten Konzentrationsbereich (einschließlich cmc) für nichtionische Tenside (Decylmethylsulfoxide, Nonylphenol-20-Glycolether und Dodecyl-11-Ethylenoxid) und ionogene Tenside (Natriumlaurylsulfat) studiert. Nach dem Erreichen eines konstanten Wertes (= Plateau in derb r (c s )-Kurve) bei höheren Konzentrationen (etwa crnc) wird eine Abnahme in der Gleichgewichtsdicke der nichtionogenen Tenside gefunden. Dies hängt wahrscheinlich mit dem elektrostatischen “disjoining pressure” zusammen. Aus den Überlegungen über das ϖ0-Potential wird gefolgert, daß für nichtionogene Tenside die Oberflächen-ladungssättigung nahe bei der Sättigung in der Adsorptionsschicht liegt. Bei ionogenen Tensiden liegt die Sättigung in der Adsorptionsschicht bei höheren Konzentrationen.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the surfactant concentrationc s on the equilibrium thicknessh r , of foam films and the potentialϕ 0 of the diffuse electric layer is studied in a wide concentration range (including cmc). The cell for investigation of thin liquid films is improved and a good reproducibility of the measuredh r is obtained. The possibilities for determination of the capillary pressureP σ in.the cell for investigation of microscopic thin liquid films are discussed. The values ofP σ can be measured with sufficient accuracy by the capillary-rise method, using a tube, identical with the tube of the cell for thin liquid films. The dependenceh r (c s ) is studied for nonionic surfactants (decylmethyl sulphoxide, nonyl-phenol 20-glycol ether and dodecyl 11-ethylene oxide) and the ionic sodium dodecyl sulphate. After reaching a steady value (a plateau in theh r (c s ) curve) at high concentrations (about cmc) a decrease in the equilibrium thickness of nonionic surfactants is found. The possible reasons for this decrease are discussed. It is shown that this effect probably is due to the electrostatic disjoining pressure. The values of theϕ o-potential at the plateau of theh r (c s ) curves are determined by the DLVO-theory using theh r , values. The so determinedϕ 0-values are more correct than the obtained earlier by this method because of the more precise measurement of the equilibrium thickness and the direct experimental determining of the capillary pressure. A qualitative interpreting of theϕ 0(c s ) dependence is made on the basis of the surfactant adsorption at the solution/air interface and it is found that for nonionic surfactants the surface charge saturation is very near to the saturation in the adsorption layer, and for the ionic surfactants the adsorption layer saturation is at higher concentration.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 255 (1977), S. 907-915 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Montmorillonitkomplexe mit nichtionogenen TensidenR(-OCH2CH2) x ,OH (R =n-hexadecyl-,n-octadecyl- und oleyl-;x = 2, 10 and 20) hergestellt. Die Tensidmoleküle bilden zwischen den Silicatschichten bimolekulare Filme. Mitx=2 sind die hydrophoben Reste und die anschließende -OCH2CH2-Äthergruppe bei niedriger Temperatur gestreckt und senkrecht zu den Silicatschichten orientiert (β i -Phase); nur die endständige HOCH2CH2-Gruppe sitzt direkt auf der Silicatschicht auf. Beim Erwärmen erniedrigt sich die Dicke der bimolekularen Tensidschicht stufenweise durch den Einbau von Kinken (β i -Phasen). Bei höheren Temperaturen (52°C mitR =C18H37-, 43 °C mitR =C16H33- und 12 °C mitR = oleyl) werden Tensidmoleküle reversibel aus den Schichtzwischenräumen verdrängt, die Packungsdichte erniedrigt sich, die gesamte polare Gruppe kommt in direkten Kontakt mit der Silicatschicht und die Alkylketten ordnen sich in eine Gaucheblockstruktur (α i -Phase). Diese kann bei noch höheren Temperaturen weitere Phasenumwandlungen erleiden. Mitx =10 undx = 20 werden auch bei Zimmertemperatur nur α-Phasen gebildet. Diese α-Phasen können zusätzlich langkettige Alkanolmoleküle aufnehmen und ternäre Komplexe mit β-Struktur bilden, die sich beim Erhitzen reversibel in α-Formen umwandeln. Langkettige polare Verunreinigungen in den Tensiden wirken ähnlich wie die Alkanolmoleküle. An den äußeren Oberflächen werden die Tensidmoleküle gleichartige Filme mit β- oder α-Struktur bilden, je nach der Zahl der -CH2CH2O-Gruppen und der Temperatur. Ein Film aus Hexadecylpolyglykoläthern wird etwa 27 Å dick sein in der β-Phase und etwa 17 Å in der α-Form.
    Notes: Summary Complexes of nonionic surfactantsR-(OCH2CH2)x OH with montmorillonite have been studied (R =n-hexadecyl,n-octadecyl and oleyl ;x=2, 10 and 20). On internal surfaces the surfactant molecules are arranged in bilayers. Withx=2 the alkyl chain and about one half of the polar group, (-R OCH2CH2O-) stand perpendicularly whereas the terminal —CH2CH2OH group is attached to the silicate surface (β1-phase). The bilayer thickness decreases stepwise with rising temperature due to the formation of kinks (βi-phases). At higher temperature (52 °C withR=C18H37-, 43°C withR=n-C16H33-, and 12 °C withR = oleyl-) surfactant molecules are squeezed out of the interlayer space reversibly, the packing density decreases, the whole polar head group gets attached to the silicate surface and the alkyl chains rearrange into a gauche-block structure. This structure undergoes further structural changes at still higher temperatures (α i -phases). The complexes withx =10 and 20 form α-phases even at room temperature. These α-phases take up long chain alkanol molecules under formation of β-structures which rearrange at higher temperatures into α-phases. Long-chain impurities of the surfactants can be intercalated in a similar way. Previous data indicating mono- or bilayers of flatly lying surfactant molecules refer to metastable phases due to steric hindrances of lattice expansion. It is proposed that the surfactant molecules build up similar films on the external surfaces, which can adopt β- or α-structures depending upon number of ethylene oxide groups and temperature. The films of hexadecyl polyglycol ethers for instance are about 27 Å thick in the β-phases and about 17 Å in the a-phases.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 891-900 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Alkylammonium-alkanol-intercalates ; miscibility gap in alkanol complexes ; structure of alkyl interlayers ; coexistence of phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of basal spacings ofn-tetradecylammonium-n-tetradecanol complexes of beidellite and montmorillonite in a wide range of tetradecanol concentrations have been carried out. Three different intercalate phases have been established at room temperature. In definite concentration ranges two of the phases coexist. These miscibility gaps disappear when the temperature is increased above 80°C. They appear again at cooling. This reversibility with temperature confirms the equilibrium nature of the phases observed. Additional information about the structure of the phases has been obtained by basal spacing measurements at constant temperature and alkanol concentration with all nine members of then-alkyl homologs with 10 to 18 carbon atoms in the chains. The structures of the interlayers in the different phases have been discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 254 (1976), S. 45-49 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Analogie zwischen den Eigenschaften der hochkonzentrierten Tensidlbsungen und der schwarzen Schaumlamellen wird diskutiert. Es wurden Messungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit ϰ von hochkonzentrierten (40–60%) Natriumdodecylsulphatlösungen mit der Hilfe einer speziellen Zelle (Fig. 1) durchgeführt. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit von ϰ für einige Tensidkonzentrationen wurde mit der Temperaturabhängigkeit der spezifischen elektrischen Leitfähigkeit ϰf von den schwarzen Schaumlamellen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine Analogie zwischen den elektroleitenden Eigenschaften des zweiten schwarzen Films und des Tensid-Wassergels bei niedrigen Temperaturen, was für eine Analogie zwischen den Strukturen dieser beiden Systeme spricht. Eine weitere Analogie wird bei höheren Temperaturen beobachtet, zwischen den elektrischen Leitfähigkeiten und beziehungsweise den Strukturen des ersten schwarzen Films und der lyotropen flüssigkristallinen Tensid-Wasserphase.
    Notes: Summary The analogy between the properties of the high concentrated surfactant solutions and the black foam films is discussed. Measurements of the specific electric conductance ϰ of high concentrated (40–60 %) sodium lauryl sulphate solutions are carried out with the aid of a special conductance cell (fig. 1). The temperature dependence of ϰ for several surfactant concentrations is compared on fig. 3 with the temperature dependence of the specific electric conductance ϰf of the black foam films. The results show that at low temperatures a complete analogy between the electroconductivity properties of the second black film on one hand and the surfactant-water gel on the other is evident, which indicates an analogy between the structures of these two systems. A further analogy is available between the electroconductivities and respectively the structures of the first black film and the liquid crystal phase surfactant-water, both being stable at higher temperatures.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 65-71 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Monolayers ; ion exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Equations for equilibrium constants of ion exchange between fatty acid monolayers and subsolution counterions are derived. The approach of Matsubara et al. [4], where the monolayer is considered as a two-dimensional regular mixture is employed, but the different molar volumes of its components are taken into account. Using the equations obtained theK ex values are calculated on the basis of published data on the monolayer composition in the systems Cd2+/HArch, Ba2+/HArch, Ca2+/HSt, Pb2+/ HSt and Cu2+/HSt. The stability constants of the corresponding soaps formed in the monolayer are also obtained.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 265 (1987), S. 72-75 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Newton black films ; film tension ; film curvature ; capillary pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A new experimental method to directly measure the film tension of black foam films is developed on the basis of the Laplace equation. The method allows the determination of the tension of curved (spherical) films with various radii and capillary pressures. Measurements with Newton black films from sodium dodecyl sulphate aqueous solution have been carried out. The results show that in the studied range of curvature radii (70 ÷ 360 μm) the film tension does not depend on the curvature and the capillary pressure.
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