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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microprocessor-controlled, scanning dye laser for spectrometric analytical systems (1977)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 49 (1977), S. 1702-1710 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50020a019
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The environmental audit. I. Concepts (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental audit ; Water quality data ; Water quality monitoring ; Water sampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Extensive criticism of water quality monitoring programs has developed as costs are compared with the benefits produced by monitoring efforts. Collecting water quality data while developing understanding of the functional character of the environment will improve water quality monitoring data utility in environmental management. The “environmental audit” characterizes the attributes of the natural environment (that is, attribute type, intensity, and variability), providing a theoretical as well as practical foundation for data interpretation. In the view proposed here, traditional monitoring means the very narrow activity of collecting samples and perhaps analyzing them and storing the analyses. In the environmental audit, these activities are a mechanism to systematically improve environmental monitoring and assessment by improving the design and implementation of environmental programs. Major reasons why existing programs fail to meet the needs of legislators, regulators, and conservationists are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867075
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The environmental audit. II. Application to stream network design (1985)
    Springer
    Environmental management 9 (1985), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Environmental audit ; Idaho ; Water quality data ; Water quality management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The planning and execution of water quality management programs requires careful collection and analysis of data coupled with a systematic review and analysis of programmatic success. The environmental audit is a tool which facilitates improved water quality planning and management. This article demonstrates the utility of the environmental audit by reviewing portions of a comprehensive review of the water quality management program for the state of Idaho. The audit is a tool which forces careful design of a sampling program before data are collected. In the audit approach, program objectives are clearly stated prior to initiation of sampling. Stated objectives are also evaluated regularly to identify tension points, that is, conflicts between expectations and reality. In the example taken from Idaho, a management review team followed a directive to redesign the water quality monitoring program. We present a summary of the redesign as proposed by that team, to illustrate the results of a typical review of monitoring programs. That summary is followed by an example of how the proposed program would differ if the audit approach had been used. The two approaches offered both coincident and conflicting recommendations. Management review team and audit recommendations for lake sampling programs were similar even though a different process was used to develop the recommendations. The most striking contrast between the two results lies in the review team's approach to the problem. The directives followed, and the team's responses, concentrate on tools, such as increasing biological monitoring or reliance on monthly BWMP stations. In contrast, the audit results stress addressing management questions for which clear objectives have been stated, depending on specific tools only as needed to meet stated objectives. Although the audit does integrate externalities in its structure, it is little affected by economic or political influences. A major strength of the audit approach is its ability to provide defensible data for management decision making.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867076
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gradients in the distribution of riverine benthos (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 16 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY. 1. Numerous hypotheses regarding the controls on species distributions in streams depend on longitudinal analyses of collections of stream organisms. Techniques for the detection of trends and for the detection of station groupings among biological collections have been widely reported, but rarely compared with each other. We have conducted an analysis of ten or eleven samples from each of thirteen stations along a stream abiotic gradient, and have compared several techniques.2. An analysis of longitudinal distribution must first assess the existence of a gradient in biotic composition. Random skewers on species proportions were the most sensitive in demonstrating such a gradient. Q and M statistics were most useful in further describing the trend due to their additive properties; i.e. the importance of one or more stations in dictating the trend may be determined. Cluster analysis, as well as percent faunal similarity, was most efficient at isolating station groupings. Techniques such as faunal replacement and species loss calculations are generally more useful in testing hypotheses about controls on species distributions, and should be employed where potential causal factors may be isolated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1986.tb01015.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of chronic chlorine exposure on litter processing in outdoor experimental streams (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Freshwater biology 18 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SUMMARY 1. The effects of chlorine on litter (Potamogeton crispusL.) processing were examined using six outdoor experimental streams. Downstream portions of two streams were dosed at c. 10 μg l−1 Total Residual Chlorine (TRC), one stream at 64 μgl1, and one stream at 230μg l−1. Two control streams were not dosed; upstream riffles of each stream served as instream controls.2. Two 35 day litter breakdown (per cent AFDW remaining) experiments indicated significantly lower decay rates in the high dose riffle. No other concentration of chlorine significantly affected decay rate.3. A third experiment, conducted in medium and high dose streams, indicated that high dose chlorine exposure reduced litter decomposition rates significantly, and reduced microbial colonization, microbial electron transport system activity, and microbial litter decomposition after 4 days but not after 11 days of exposure. The number of amphipod shredders colonizing litter bags was also reduced significantly with high chlorine dose.4. A fourth experiment, after dosing was terminated, provided direct evidence that amphipod shredders were important in facilitating litter decomposition: litter bags stocked with amphipods had significantly higher decomposition rates than bags which excluded shredders.5. Overall results indicate that the high dose (c. 230 μgl−1 TRC) of chlorine reduced litter processing rates partly by reducing initial microbial conditioning, but primarily by reducing the colonization of amphipod shredders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.1987.tb01327.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of experimental ecosystems in regulatory decision making (1989)
    Springer
    Environmental management 13 (1989), S. 539-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Mesocosms ; Experimental ecosystems ; Field validation ; Regulatory testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Tiered testing for the effects of chemicals on aquatic ecosystems has begun to include tests at the ecosystem level as a component in pesticide regristration. Because such tests are expensive, regulators and industry need to know what additional information they can gain from such tests relative to the costs of the simpler single-species toxicity bioassays. Requirements for ecosystem-level testing have developed because resource managers have not fully understood the implications of potential damage to resources without having evaluations of the predicted impacts under field conditions. We review approaches taken in the use of experimental ecosystems, discuss benefits and limitations of small- and large-scale ecosystem tests, and point to correlative approaches between laboratory and field toxicity testing. Laboratory experimental ecosystems (microcosms) have been successfully used to measure contaminant bioavailability, to determine routes of uptake in moderately complex aquatic systems, and to isolate factors modifying contaminant uptake into the biota. Such factors cannot be as readily studied in outdoor experimental ecosystems because direct cause-and-effect relations are often confounded and difficult to isolate. However, laboratory tests can be designed to quantify the relations among three variables: known concentrations of Stressors; specific sublethal behavioral, biochemical, and physiological effects displayed by organisms; and responses that have been observed in ecosystem-level analyses. For regulatory purposes, the specificity of test results determines how widely they can be applied. Ecotoxicological research should be directed at attempts to identify instances where single-species testing would be the appropriate level of analysis for identifying critical ecological endpoints and for clarifying relationships between ecosystem structure and function, and where it would be inadequate for a given level of analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01874959
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improving lake riparian source area management using surface and subsurface runoff indices (1994)
    Springer
    Environmental management 18 (1994), S. 569-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Lake management ; Geographic information systems ; Eutrophication ; Groundwater sensitivity index ; Runoff sensitivity index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Sensitivity indices, which rank factors pertinent to surface and subsurface runoff pathways, were used to identify phosphorus source areas in riparian zones of 15 northern Minnesota lakes. Watershed models were first developed using a geographic information system (GIS). Empirical models were then developed correlating water quality with land use, lake morphometry, and riparian sensitivity. Base models of forested, cultivated, pasture/open, wetland and residential land use within 100, 200, 400, and 2000 m of the study lakes were regressed on total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a. Area-weighted groundwater and surface runoff sensitivity indices were then incorporated into each model and tested for significance. Within the 200-m buffer, the total phosphorus base model was improved by including the groundwater index alone. The chlorophyll-a base model at 200 m was improved by including: (1) the groundwater index alone, and (2) both the groundwater and surface runoff sensitivity indices. Results suggest that surface and subsurface runoff analysis of potential source areas can improve decision making for lake riparian management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02400860
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survey of state water quality monitoring programs (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 21-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Water quality monitoring ; State water quality agencies ; Biological monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Budget changes, whether positive or negative, in water quality management agencies often mean a change in resources available for water quality monitoring. Many state agencies are currently facing monitoring budget cuts and, as a result, are reevaluating their monitoring programs. Such evaluations make use of a number of information sources, not the least of which are monitoring activities in other states. This article reports results of a survey of all fifty state water quality monitoring programs. Twenty questions were asked in the general areas of fixed-station monitoring, special studies, and biological monitoring. Each state was contacted by telephone at least twice during the survey. Fixed-station monitoring is conducted by 48 of 50 states. An average of 75 stations per state are sampled, generally on a monthly basis. There is a large variation in the way data are analyzed by the states; water quality indices and plots of concentration or loading over time are the most common methods. All but three states conduct special studies, but only seven repeat the studies on a regular basis. Special studies are generally problem specific as opposed to basin oriented. Biological monitoring is performed by 33 states; however, this is an area in which budget cuts are having a noticeable impact. In some cases, biological monitoring is being completely eliminated or suspended. Macroinvertebrate sampling is performed quarterly to biannualiy by 50% of the states; 75% of the states that sample macroinvertebrates do so annually. Periphyton sampling is performed by 33% of the states. Over 50% of the states are in the process of revising, or have revised, their monitoring program during the past five years. However, only four states had a detailed rationale and operating procedure for the entire monitoring system. Results of the survey are, therefore, averages of existing monitoring programs. Average results do not necessarily represent ideal situations, but do give an indication of how states are coping with their monitoring responsibilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867870
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drift and benthic invertebrate responses to stepwise and abrupt increases in non-scouring flow (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 436 (2000), S. 191-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: drift ; invertebrates ; flow ; stream ; benthos ; disturbance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We conducted two experiments to assess drift and benthic invertebrate responses to stepwise and abrupt changes in non-scouring flow in gravel-bed experimental streams. Intuitively, a stepwise flow increase should allow aquatic invertebrates more time to seek refuges than would an abrupt increase. We hypothesized that abrupt flow increases would result in larger increases in taxon richness and in the number of invertebrates in the drift, and a larger decrease in benthic density than would stepwise flow increases. Two kinds of drift response to flow increases were observed in the stepwise experiment: (1) no response (e.g. Caenissp. [Ephemeroptera] and Sphaeriidae [Pelecypoda]); (2) threshold response of some aquatic (e.g. Crangonyx pseudogracilis[Amphipoda]) and semiaquatic (e.g. Ormosiasp. [Diptera]) taxa. Drift richness and drift density in both experiments declined after reaching a peak. The peak was reached almost immediately in the abrupt treatment and later in the stepwise treatment. Maximum richness of taxa and taxon composition in the drift were similar in both experiments. Despite significant increases in drift, stepwise and abrupt increases in flow did not have a significant effect on benthic density. However, relative to reference streams, the percentage of total benthic invertebrates in the drift increased 10× in the stepwise experiment and 33× in the abrupt experiment. These non-scouring increases in flow were non-trivial. Our results suggest that several high flow events of the same magnitude (i.e. 2.5–3.0 fold increases) may cause considerable losses of benthic populations to the drift. The rate of increases in flow appears to be important: abrupt increases in flow had a stronger effect on invertebrate drift than did stepwise increases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026582218786
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decomposition rates and phosphorus concentrations of purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and Cattail (Typha spp.) in fourteen Minnesota wetlands (1996)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 323 (1996), S. 129-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Loosestrife ; Lythrum salicaria ; cattail ; decomposition ; phosphorus ; wetland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Purple Loosestrife is rapidly displacing native vegetation in North American wetlands. Associated changes in wetland plant communities are well understood. Effects of Loosestrife invasion on nutrient cycling and decomposition rates in affected wetlands are unknown, though potentially of significance to wetland function. We used litter bag methods to quantify decomposition rates and phosphorus concentrations of purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) and native cattails (Typha spp.) in fourteen Minnesota wetlands. A 170-day study that began in autumn modeled decomposition of Loosestrife leaves. Loosestrife stems andTypha shoots that had overwintered and fragmented were measured in a 280- day study that began in spring. In general, Loosestrife leaves decomposed most rapidly of the three;Typha shoots decomposed faster than Loosestrife stems. Significant decay coefficients (k-values) were determined by F-testing single exponential model regressions of different vegetation types in the fourteen wetlands. Significant decay coefficients were:k = 2.5 × 10−3 and 4.32 × 10−3 for all Loosestrife leaves (170 d);k = 7.2 × 10−4 and 1.11 × 10−3 for overwintered Loosestrife stems (280-d) andk = 7.9 × 10−4, 1.42 × 10−3 and 2.24 × 10−3 for overwinteredTypha shoots (280-d). Phosphorus concentrations of plant tissue showed an initial leaching followed by stabilization or increase probably associated with microbial growth. Loosestrife leaves had twice the phosphorus concentration of Loosestrife stems andTypha shoots. Our results indicate that conversion of wetland vegetation from cattails to Loosestrife may result in significant change in wetland function by altering timing of litter input and downstream phosphorus loads. Conversion of a riverine, flow- through wetland fromTypha to Loosestrife may effectively accelerate eutrophication of downstream water bodies. Impacts of Loosestrife invasion must be considered when wetlands are managed for wildlife or for improvement of downstream water quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017590
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