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  • 1
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    Standards for Documenting Finite-Fault Earthquake Rupture Models (2016)
    Seismological Society of America (SSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: In this article, we propose standards for documenting and disseminating finite-fault earthquake rupture models, and related data and metadata. A comprehensive documentation of the rupture models, a detailed description of the data processing steps, and facilitating the access to the actual data that went into the earthquake source inversion are required to promote follow-up research and to ensure interoperability, transparency, and reproducibility of the published slip-inversion solutions. We suggest a formatting scheme that describes the kinematic rupture process in an unambiguous way to support subsequent research. We also provide guidelines on how to document the data, metadata, and data processing. The proposed standards and formats represent a first step to establishing best practices for comprehensively documenting input and output of finite-fault earthquake source studies.
    Print ISSN: 0895-0695
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-2057
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Seismological Society of America (SSA)
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  • 2
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    Seismic velocity and density jumps across the 410- and 660-kilometer discontinuities (1999)
    In:  Science, Luxembourg, Inst. Electrical & Electronics Engineers, vol. 285, no. 5433, pp. 1545-1548, pp. B06303, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999
    Keywords: Velocity depth profile ; Earth model, also for more shallow analyses ! ; earth mantle ; Seismology ; Reflectivity
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Shear-wave polarizations at the Anza seismic array (1989)
    AGU
    In:  AGU Spring Meeting, S22A-13, Baltimore, AGU, vol. 11, no. CUED/C/Mats/Tr 51, pp. 1414-1415
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Seismic networks ; Seismic arrays ; Filter- ; Polarization ; Shear waves
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Compressional- and shear-wave polarisations at the Anza seismic array (1989)
    DARPA/AFGL
    In:  11th Annual DARPA/AFGL Seismic Research Symposium, San Antonio, DARPA/AFGL, vol. 11, no. CUED/C/Mats/Tr 51, pp. 426-439
    Details
    Publication Date: 1989
    Keywords: Filter- ; Polarization ; Shear waves ; Body waves ; P-waves ; Seismic arrays
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    HST optical polarimetry of the Vela pulsar and nebula (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-02
    Description: Polarization measurements of pulsars offer a unique insight into the geometry of the emission regions in the neutron star magnetosphere. Therefore, they provide observational constraints on the different models proposed for the pulsar emission mechanisms. Optical polarization data of the Vela pulsar was obtained from the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) archive. The data, obtained in two filters ( F 606 W , central wavelength = 590.70 nm and F 550 M , central wavelength = 558.15 nm), consist of a series of observations of the pulsar taken with the HST /Advanced Camera for Surveys and cover a time span of 5 d. These data have been used to carry out the first high spatial resolution and multi-epoch study of the polarization of the pulsar. We produced polarization vector maps of the region surrounding the pulsar and measured the degree of linear polarization (P.D.) and the position angle (P.A.) of the pulsar's integrated pulse beam. We obtained P.D. = 8.1 ± 0.7 per cent and P.A. = 146 $_{.}^{\circ}$ 3 ± 2 $_{.}^{\circ}$ 4, averaged over the time span covered by these observations. These results not only confirm those originally obtained by Wagner & Seifert and Mignani et al., both using the Very Large Telescope, but are of greater precision. Furthermore, we confirm that the P.A. of the pulsar polarization vector is aligned with the direction of the pulsar proper motion. The pulsar wind nebula is undetected in polarized light as is the case in unpolarized light, down to a flux limit of 26.8 mag arcsec –2 .
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
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    Deformation on nearby faults induced by the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-14
    Description: Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations of surface deformation due to the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake reveal motion on several nearby faults of the eastern California shear zone. We document both vertical and horizontal displacements of several millimeters to several centimeters across kilometer-wide zones centered on pre-existing faults. Portions of some faults experienced retrograde (that is, opposite to their long-term geologic slip) motion during or shortly after the earthquake. The observed deformation likely represents elastic response of compliant fault zones to the permanent co-seismic stress changes. The induced fault displacements imply decreases in the effective shear modulus within the kilometer-wide fault zones, indicating that the latter are mechanically distinct from the ambient crustal rocks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fialko, Yuri -- Sandwell, David -- Agnew, Duncan -- Simons, Mark -- Shearer, Peter -- Minster, Bernard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 13;297(5588):1858-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. fialko@radar.ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228714" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Optical polarimetry of the inner Crab nebula and pulsar (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-07-14
    Description: Time-resolved polarization measurements of pulsars offer a unique insight into the geometry of their emission regions. Such measurements provide observational constraints on the different models proposed for the pulsar emission mechanisms. Optical polarization data of the Crab nebula were obtained from the Hubble Space Telescope ( HST ) archive. The data set consists of a series of observations of the nebula taken with the HST /Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). We produced polarization vector maps of the inner nebula and measured, for the first time, the degree of linear polarization (P.D.) and the position angle (P.A.) of the pulsar's integrated pulse beam, and of its nearby synchrotron knot. This yielded P.D. = 5.2 ± 0.3 per cent and P.A. = 105 $^{\circ}_{.}$ 1 ± 1 $^{\circ}_{.}$ 6 for the pulsar, and P.D. = 59.0 ± 1.9 per cent and P.A. = 124 $^{\circ}_{.}$ 7 ± 1 $^{\circ}_{.}$ 0 for the synchrotron knot. This is the first high-spatial resolution multi-epoch study of the polarization of the inner nebula and pulsar. None of the main features in the nebula shows evidence of significant polarization evolution in the period covered by these observations. The results for the pulsar are consistent with those obtained by Slowikowska et al. using the high-time resolution photo-polarimeter – Optical Pulsar Timing Analyzer (OPTIMA), once the constant component (DC) component has been subtracted. Our results clearly prove that the knot is the main source of the DC component.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The density and shear velocity contrast at the inner core boundary (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 102 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: A systematic search of short-period GDSN seismograms from 1980 to 1984 at ranges from 20d̀ to 90d̀ identifies two probable PKiKP arrivals. PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratios for these phases are consistent with previous studies. However, more typically PKiKP is not observed, even when clear PcP arrivals are seen. We use these data to place upper bounds on PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratios for 100 event-station pairs. These bounds indicate that most measurements of PKiKP amplitudes are biased toward large values and predict reflection coefficients at the inner core boundary (ICB) which are too high. Our upper limits on PKiKP amplitudes roughly constrain the density jump at the ICB to be less than 1.0 g cm−3 and the shear velocity at the top of the inner core to be greater than 2.5 km s−1, assuming a sharp discontinuity at the ICB. Upper bounds on PKiKP/P amplitude ratios at ranges between 70d̀ and 90d̀ are consistent with these results but are less reliable due to take-off angle differences between P and PKiKP.Approximately 50 observed free oscillations of the Earth are sensitive to the structure of the inner core. Modern models derived from these and other mode data typically have a density jump at the ICB of 0.5–0.6 g cm−3. An experiment in which we varied the mean density of the inner core indicates that the mode frequencies are roughly linear functional of this parameter. The fit to the data is seriously degraded if the density jump is significantly different from 0.55 g cm−3. Many of the modes are also strongly sensitive to the shear velocity in the inner core, and forward modelling indicates that the average inner-core shear velocity is probably 3.45 ± 0.1 km s−1.These results are compatible with the short-period PKiKP amplitude bounds, indicating that there is no inconsistency between PKiKP and normal mode data regarding the density and shear velocity structure at the inner core boundary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb04481.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water in the lower continental crust: modelling magnetotelluric and seismic reflection results (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 98 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Magnetotelluric and multichannel seismic reflection measurements indicate that the Phanerozoic lower continental crust is commonly electrically conductive and reflective, in contrast to a more resistive and transparent middle to upper crust. A few per cent free saline water can provide an explanation for both results along with the apparent requirement that neither the conductive nor the reflective properties are retained when lower crustal rocks are brought to the upper crust. Common 10 km thick and 20–30 Ωm resistivity layers can be explained with 0.5–3 per cent pore water, if there are equilibrium pore geometries and the salinity is close to that of sea-water as suggested by lower crust fluid inclusions. Seismic velocities and impedances must be affected if such porosity exists. Seismic reflectors with reflection coefficients of 5–10 per cent can be explained by layers or lamellae with porosity contrasts of 1–4 per cent and reasonable effective pore aspect ratios of 0.1–0.03. A minimum temperature of 350°C is estimated from a correlation between heat flow and depth to the top of conductive and reflective layers. The upward limit in the crust may occur at an impermeable boundary formed by hydration reactions at the top of greenschist facies conditions or by precipitation of silica. It also may be associated with the minimum temperature for ductile behaviour and equilibrium grain boundary pore configurations. The maximum temperature is about 700°C according to the evidence indicating that there is no free water in granulite facies conditions. Areas that have been subject to such high temperature conditions without the subsequent addition of water, i.e. the lower crust of shields, are generally non-reflective and electrically resistive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb03357.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ray tracing in azimuthally anisotropic media—I. Results for models of aligned cracks in the upper crust (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical journal international 96 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-246X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Ray tracing through gradients in anisotropic materials is complicated by singularities where the two quasi-shear wave slowness sheets cross or touch. Difficulties associated with such points can be removed by explicitly including polarization in the ray tracing equations. Slowness sheet and wavefront plots show the polarization and velocity behavior of various anisotropy models of aligned cracks in the upper crust. A simple scaling of the elastic tensor with depth can be shown to be approximately correct for models of aligned cracks within an isotropic host matrix with a linear velocity gradient. Ray tracing examples for models of aligned cracks within a strong vertical velocity gradient in the uppermost crust demonstrate various features of azimuthal anisotropy, including amplitude and polarization anomalies and shear-wave splitting. Quasi-shear wave polarizations typically twist along ray paths, with stronger twisting near the symmetry axis in hexagonally symmetric media. Strong anisotropy can cause unusual effects, such as ray paths which have three turning points in laterally homogeneous models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1989.tb05250.x
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