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  • 1
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    Active normal faulting in the upper Rhine graben and paleoseismic identification of the 1356 Basel earthquake (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-15
    Description: We have identified an active normal fault in the epicentral area of the Basel (Switzerland) earthquake of 18 October 1356, the largest historical seismic event in central Europe. The event of 1356 and two prehistoric events have been characterized on the fault with geomorphological analysis, geophysical prospecting, and trenching. Carbon-14 dating indicates that the youngest event occurred in the interval 610 to 1475 A.D. and may correspond to the 1356 Basel earthquake. The occurrence of the three earthquakes induced a total of 1.8 meters of vertical displacement in the past 8500 years for a mean uplift rate of 0.21 millimeters per year. These successive ruptures on the normal fault indicate the potential for strong ground movements in the Basel region and should be taken into account to refine the seismic hazard estimates along the Rhine graben.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meghraoui, M -- Delouis, B -- Ferry, M -- Giardini, D -- Huggenberger, P -- Spottke, I -- Granet, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2070-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre-Institut de Physique de Globe (EOST-IPAS), 5 rue Rene Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France. mustapha@eost.u-strasbg.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11557888" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abiotic aspects of channels and floodplains in riparian ecology (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 40 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. The ecology of riparian zones is enormously influenced by the heterogeneous sedimentary structures and associated complex hydrologic flow paths that mediate surface- and groundwater exchanges. Sedimentary structures form a three-dimensional, dynamic framework that controls subsurface flow and the vertical and horizontal exchange of water between channels and floodplains in gravel bed rivers. The modern structure of the bed sediments reflects the legacy of cut and fill alluviation for a particular river basin.2. Highly permeable sedimentary textures, particularly open framework gravels, allow rapid exchange between surface and groundwaters.3. Ground penetrating radar provides high resolution information on the nature and three-dimensional distribution of the sediments within the shallow subsurface (4–25 m) of gravel bed rivers. Bed sediments can be mapped at the decimeter scale.4. Exchange and mixing of ground and channel water occurs along losing, gaining and flow-through reaches as determined by the hydraulic gradient and transmissivity of the bed sediments.5. Spatial and temporal patterns of surface- and groundwater interactions can be quantified by mass flux measurements and by assessing geochemical contrasts. Natural tracers, such as temperature or radon, are well suited for mapping exchange sites and quantifying interactions. Artificial signals produced by injecting anions, like chloride, bromide and organic dyes are also useful.6. The study of riparian ecosystems requires an understanding of the geomorphic structures and processes that build and maintain bed sediments and flow pathways through them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1998.00371.x
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  • 3
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    Palaeoshorelines of glacial Lake Kuray–Chuja, south-central Siberia: form, sediments and process (2011)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 354: 111-128.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-18
    Description: Glacial lake Kuray–Chuja which occupied the Kuray and Chuja Basins during the Quaternary Period (Marine Isotope Stages 2 and 3) left distinct shoreline features around the basin margins. At the greatest extent the lake had a surface area of 2951 km2 with wind fetches up to 70 km. Wind waves constructed erosional, erosional-accumulative and accumulative strandlines, the latter including spits, tombolos, barrier beaches and offshore bars. Strandlines range in altitude between c. 1600 and 2100 m, the range in altitudes demonstrating lake level variations through time. The shoreline forms and stratigraphy are detailed. Particular attention is given to the presence of pocket beaches on rock-coasts, the alluvial strandlines of which have distinctive alongshore gradients. Although reasonably ascribed to regional differential tectonic uplift, the possibility that the local alongshore gradients are augmented as a process response to alongshore drift of sediment in a sediment-starved system of closed coastal cells is explored using a simple numerical model.
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  • 4
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    Adaptives Grundwassermanagement in urbanen Gebieten (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-19
    Print ISSN: 1430-483X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1165
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 5
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    Integrated methods and scenario development for urban groundwater management and protection during tunnel road construction: a case study of urban hydrogeology in the city of Basel, Switzerland (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-12-19
    Print ISSN: 1431-2174
    Electronic ISSN: 1435-0157
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
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    Comparison of light transmission and reflection techniques to determine concentrations in flow tank experiments (2009)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2009-03-10
    Print ISSN: 0723-4864
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1114
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
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    Integrating field and numerical modeling methods for applied urban karst hydrogeology (2009)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-15
    Description: Infrastructures constructed on unstable geologic formations are prone to subsidence. Data have been collected in the context of an upgrading project for a highway located beside a river dam constructed on gypsum-bearing formations. Surface water infiltrates upstream of the dam, circulates through the gravel deposits and into the weathered bedrock around and beneath the dam, and exfiltrates downstream into the river. As a result, an extended weathering zone within the bedrock and preferential flow paths within voids and conduits developed as part of a rapidly evolving karst system. Enhanced karstification in the soluble units of the gypsum-bearing formations resulted in subsidence of the dam and the highway. Since 2006, changes in the groundwater flow regime have been investigated by different methods that allowed the evaluation of the long-term performance of the infrastructures. Geological (outcrops, lithostratigraphic information from boreholes), hydrometrical (extensive groundwater monitoring, dye tracer tests) and hydrogeophysical (Electrical Resistivity Tomography, ERT) data were integrated into high-resolution 3-D hydrogeological and 2-D karst evolution models. The applied methods are validated and the sensitivity of relevant parameters governing the processes determined. It could be demonstrated that the applied methods for karst aquifer characterization complement each other. Short-term impacts and long-term developments on system-dynamics and the flow regime could be evaluated. This includes the description of the transient character of the flow regime during and after episodic flood events (surface-groundwater interaction, conduit and diffuse model outflow) as well as the evaluation of time scales for karst evolution. Results allow the optimization of investigation methods for similar subsidence problems, ranging from general measurements and monitoring technologies to tools with predictive utility.
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 8
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    Thermal management of an unconsolidated shallow urban groundwater body (2013)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2013-05-15
    Description: This study presents the development of tools for the sustainable thermal management of a shallow unconsolidated urban groundwater body in the city of Basel (Switzerland). The concept of the investigations is based on (1) a characterization of the present thermal state of the urban groundwater body, and (2) the evaluation of potential mitigation measures for the future thermal management of specific regions within the groundwater body. The investigations focus on thermal processes down-gradient of thermal groundwater use, effects of heated buildings in the subsurface as well as the thermal influence of river–groundwater interaction. Investigation methods include (1) short- and long-term data analysis, (2) high-resolution multilevel groundwater temperature monitoring, as well as (3) 3-D numerical groundwater flow and heat transport modeling and scenario development. The combination of these methods allows for the quantifying of the thermal influences on the investigated urban groundwater body, including the influences of thermal groundwater use and heated subsurface constructions. Subsequently, first implications for management strategies are discussed, including minimizing further groundwater temperature increase, targeting "potential natural" groundwater temperatures for specific aquifer regions and exploiting the thermal potential.
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 9
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    Simulation of rock salt dissolution and its impact on land subsidence (2014)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-17
    Description: Extensive land subsidence can occur due to subsurface dissolution of evaporites such as halite and gypsum. This paper explores techniques to simulate the salt dissolution forming an intrastratal karst, which is embedded in a sequence of carbonates, marls, anhydrite and gypsum. A numerical model is developed to simulate laminar flow in a subhorizontal void, which corresponds to an opening intrastratal karst. The numerical model is based on the laminar steady-state Stokes flow equation, and the advection dispersion transport equation coupled with the dissolution equation. The flow equation is solved using the nonconforming Crouzeix–Raviart (CR) finite element approximation for the Stokes equation. For the transport equation, a combination between discontinuous Galerkin method and multipoint flux approximation method is proposed. The numerical effect of the dissolution is considered by using a dynamic mesh variation that increases the size of the mesh based on the amount of dissolved salt. The numerical method is applied to a 2-D geological cross section representing a Horst and Graben structure in the Tabular Jura of northwestern Switzerland. The model simulates salt dissolution within the geological section and predicts the amount of vertical dissolution as an indicator of potential subsidence that could occur. Simulation results showed that the highest dissolution amount is observed near the normal fault zones, and, therefore, the highest subsidence rates are expected above normal fault zones.
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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  • 10
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    Process-based karst modelling to relate hydrodynamic and hydrochemical characteristics to system properties (2013)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-23
    Description: More than 30% of Europe's land surface is made up of karst exposures. In some countries, water from karst aquifers constitutes almost half of the drinking water supply. Hydrological simulation models can predict the large-scale impact of future environmental change on hydrological variables. However, the information needed to obtain model parameters is not available everywhere and regionalisation methods have to be applied. The responsive behaviour of hydrological systems can be quantified by individual metrics, so-called system signatures. This study explores their value for distinguishing the dominant processes and properties of five different karst systems in Europe and the Middle East. By defining ten system signatures derived from hydrodynamic and hydrochemical observations, a process-based karst model is applied to the five karst systems. In a stepwise model evaluation strategy, optimum parameters and their sensitivity are identified using automatic calibration and global variance-based sensitivity analysis. System signatures and sensitive parameters serve as proxies for dominant processes, and optimised parameters are used to determine system properties. By sensitivity analysis, the set of system signatures was able to distinguish the karst systems from one another by providing separate information about dominant soil, epikarst, and fast and slow groundwater flow processes. Comparing sensitive parameters to the system signatures revealed that annual discharge can serve as a proxy for the recharge area, that the slopes of the high flow parts of the flow duration curves correlate with the fast flow storage constant, and that the dampening of the isotopic signal of the rain as well as the medium flow parts of the flow duration curves have a non-linear relation to the distribution of groundwater storage constants that represent the variability of groundwater flow dynamics. Our approach enabled us to identify dominant processes of the different systems and provided directions for future large-scale simulation of karst areas to predict the impact of future change on karst water resources.
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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