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  • 1
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    A shale-hosted Cr isotope record of low atmospheric oxygen during the Proterozoic (2016)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: The emergence and expansion of animal life on Earth represents a dramatic shift in the structure and complexity of the biosphere. A lack of firm constraints on surface oxygen levels during the mid-Proterozoic has resulted in heated debate as to whether the rise and earliest diversification of animals was directly linked to a change in environmental oxygen levels or, instead, simply reflects the timing of innovations in gene expression and developmental regulation and was independent of a direct environmental trigger. Here, we present chromium (Cr) isotope data from marine black shales that provide evidence for minimal Cr oxidation throughout the mid-Proterozoic leading up to the diversification of eukaryotes and the rise of animals during the late Neoproterozoic. This observation requires very low background oxygen levels (〈1% of present atmospheric levels). Accepting previously proposed estimates of p O 2 levels needed to induce Cr isotope fractionation, our data provide support for the persistence of an Earth system in which baseline atmospheric p O 2 would have been low enough to inhibit the diversification of animals until ca. 800 Ma. More generally, evidence for a delayed rise of atmospheric oxygen strongly suggests that environmental factors have played a fundamental role in controlling the emergence and expansion of complex life on Earth.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 2
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    The role of feedback in shaping the structure of the interstellar medium (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-29
    Description: We present an analysis of the role of feedback in shaping the neutral hydrogen (H  i ) content of simulated disc galaxies. For our analysis, we have used two realizations of two separate Milky Way-like (~ L *) discs – one employing a conservative feedback scheme (McMaster Unbiased Galaxy Survey), the other significantly more energetic [Making Galaxies In a Cosmological Context (MaGICC)]. To quantify the impact of these schemes, we generate zeroth moment (surface density) maps of the inferred H  i distribution; construct power spectra associated with the underlying structure of the simulated cold interstellar medium, in addition to their radial surface density and velocity dispersion profiles. Our results are compared with a parallel, self-consistent, analysis of empirical data from The H  i Nearby Galaxy Survey (THINGS). Single power-law fits ( P    k ) to the power spectra of the stronger feedback (MaGICC) runs (over spatial scales corresponding to ~0.5 to ~20 kpc) result in slopes consistent with those seen in the THINGS sample ( ~ –2.5). The weaker feedback (MUGS) runs exhibit shallower power-law slopes ( ~ –1.2). The power spectra of the MaGICC simulations are more consistent though with a two-component fit, with a flatter distribution of power on larger scales (i.e.  ~ –1.4 for scales in excess of ~2 kpc) and a steeper slope on scales below ~1 kpc ( ~ –5), qualitatively consistent with empirical claims, as well as our earlier work on dwarf discs. The radial H  i surface density profiles of the MaGICC discs show a clear exponential behaviour, while those of the MUGS suite are essentially flat; both behaviours are encountered in nature, although the THINGS sample is more consistent with our stronger (MaGICC) feedback runs.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 3
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    Prominin 1 marks intestinal stem cells that are susceptible to neoplastic transformation (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-19
    Description: Cancer stem cells are remarkably similar to normal stem cells: both self-renew, are multipotent and express common surface markers, for example, prominin 1 (PROM1, also called CD133). What remains unclear is whether cancer stem cells are the direct progeny of mutated stem cells or more mature cells that reacquire stem cell properties during tumour formation. Answering this question will require knowledge of whether normal stem cells are susceptible to cancer-causing mutations; however, this has proved difficult to test because the identity of most adult tissue stem cells is not known. Here, using an inducible Cre, nuclear LacZ reporter allele knocked into the Prom1 locus (Prom1(C-L)), we show that Prom1 is expressed in a variety of developing and adult tissues. Lineage-tracing studies of adult Prom1(+/C-L) mice containing the Rosa26-YFP reporter allele showed that Prom1(+) cells are located at the base of crypts in the small intestine, co-express Lgr5 (ref. 2), generate the entire intestinal epithelium, and are therefore the small intestinal stem cell. Prom1 was reported recently to mark cancer stem cells of human intestinal tumours that arise frequently as a consequence of aberrant wingless (Wnt) signalling. Activation of endogenous Wnt signalling in Prom1(+/C-L) mice containing a Cre-dependent mutant allele of beta-catenin (Ctnnb1(lox(ex3))) resulted in a gross disruption of crypt architecture and a disproportionate expansion of Prom1(+) cells at the crypt base. Lineage tracing demonstrated that the progeny of these cells replaced the mucosa of the entire small intestine with neoplastic tissue that was characterized by focal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and crypt adenoma formation. Although all neoplastic cells arose from Prom1(+) cells in these mice, only 7% of tumour cells retained Prom1 expression. Our data indicate that Prom1 marks stem cells in the adult small intestine that are susceptible to transformation into tumours retaining a fraction of mutant Prom1(+) tumour cells.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2633030/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2633030/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Liqin -- Gibson, Paul -- Currle, D Spencer -- Tong, Yiai -- Richardson, Robert J -- Bayazitov, Ildar T -- Poppleton, Helen -- Zakharenko, Stanislav -- Ellison, David W -- Gilbertson, Richard J -- P01 CA096832/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA096832-01A10003/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01CA96832/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30CA021765/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129541/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129541-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129541-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH079079/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH079079-01A2/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH079079-02/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH079079-03/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH079079-04/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH079079-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01CA129541/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jan 29;457(7229):603-7. doi: 10.1038/nature07589. Epub 2008 Dec 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19092805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoma/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Antigens, CD/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; Biomarkers/analysis/metabolism ; *Cell Lineage ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cells, Cultured ; Genes, Reporter/genetics ; Glycoproteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; Intestinal Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Intestine, Small/*cytology/pathology ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism/pathology ; Peptides/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism ; Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism/*pathology ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; Wnt Proteins/metabolism ; beta Catenin/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Subtypes of medulloblastoma have distinct developmental origins (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-15
    Description: Medulloblastoma encompasses a collection of clinically and molecularly diverse tumour subtypes that together comprise the most common malignant childhood brain tumour. These tumours are thought to arise within the cerebellum, with approximately 25% originating from granule neuron precursor cells (GNPCs) after aberrant activation of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway (hereafter, SHH subtype). The pathological processes that drive heterogeneity among the other medulloblastoma subtypes are not known, hindering the development of much needed new therapies. Here we provide evidence that a discrete subtype of medulloblastoma that contains activating mutations in the WNT pathway effector CTNNB1 (hereafter, WNT subtype) arises outside the cerebellum from cells of the dorsal brainstem. We found that genes marking human WNT-subtype medulloblastomas are more frequently expressed in the lower rhombic lip (LRL) and embryonic dorsal brainstem than in the upper rhombic lip (URL) and developing cerebellum. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intra-operative reports showed that human WNT-subtype tumours infiltrate the dorsal brainstem, whereas SHH-subtype tumours are located within the cerebellar hemispheres. Activating mutations in Ctnnb1 had little impact on progenitor cell populations in the cerebellum, but caused the abnormal accumulation of cells on the embryonic dorsal brainstem which included aberrantly proliferating Zic1(+) precursor cells. These lesions persisted in all mutant adult mice; moreover, in 15% of cases in which Tp53 was concurrently deleted, they progressed to form medulloblastomas that recapitulated the anatomy and gene expression profiles of human WNT-subtype medulloblastoma. We provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that subtypes of medulloblastoma have distinct cellular origins. Our data provide an explanation for the marked molecular and clinical differences between SHH- and WNT-subtype medulloblastomas and have profound implications for future research and treatment of this important childhood cancer.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059767/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059767/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibson, Paul -- Tong, Yiai -- Robinson, Giles -- Thompson, Margaret C -- Currle, D Spencer -- Eden, Christopher -- Kranenburg, Tanya A -- Hogg, Twala -- Poppleton, Helen -- Martin, Julie -- Finkelstein, David -- Pounds, Stanley -- Weiss, Aaron -- Patay, Zoltan -- Scoggins, Matthew -- Ogg, Robert -- Pei, Yanxin -- Yang, Zeng-Jie -- Brun, Sonja -- Lee, Youngsoo -- Zindy, Frederique -- Lindsey, Janet C -- Taketo, Makoto M -- Boop, Frederick A -- Sanford, Robert A -- Gajjar, Amar -- Clifford, Steven C -- Roussel, Martine F -- McKinnon, Peter J -- Gutmann, David H -- Ellison, David W -- Wechsler-Reya, Robert -- Gilbertson, Richard J -- 01CA96832/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA096832/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA096832-06A18120/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA096832-078120/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P30CA021765/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129541/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129541-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129541-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129541-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129541-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129541-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS037956/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS037956-13/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01CA129541/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Dec 23;468(7327):1095-9. doi: 10.1038/nature09587. Epub 2010 Dec 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21150899" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Stem/*pathology ; Cerebellar Neoplasms/*pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Medulloblastoma/*pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; beta Catenin/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    A promoter-level mammalian expression atlas (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-03-29
    Description: Regulated transcription controls the diversity, developmental pathways and spatial organization of the hundreds of cell types that make up a mammal. Using single-molecule cDNA sequencing, we mapped transcription start sites (TSSs) and their usage in human and mouse primary cells, cell lines and tissues to produce a comprehensive overview of mammalian gene expression across the human body. We find that few genes are truly 'housekeeping', whereas many mammalian promoters are composite entities composed of several closely separated TSSs, with independent cell-type-specific expression profiles. TSSs specific to different cell types evolve at different rates, whereas promoters of broadly expressed genes are the most conserved. Promoter-based expression analysis reveals key transcription factors defining cell states and links them to binding-site motifs. The functions of identified novel transcripts can be predicted by coexpression and sample ontology enrichment analyses. The functional annotation of the mammalian genome 5 (FANTOM5) project provides comprehensive expression profiles and functional annotation of mammalian cell-type-specific transcriptomes with wide applications in biomedical research.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4529748/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4529748/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉FANTOM Consortium and the RIKEN PMI and CLST (DGT) -- Forrest, Alistair R R -- Kawaji, Hideya -- Rehli, Michael -- Baillie, J Kenneth -- de Hoon, Michiel J L -- Haberle, Vanja -- Lassmann, Timo -- Kulakovskiy, Ivan V -- Lizio, Marina -- Itoh, Masayoshi -- Andersson, Robin -- Mungall, Christopher J -- Meehan, Terrence F -- Schmeier, Sebastian -- Bertin, Nicolas -- Jorgensen, Mette -- Dimont, Emmanuel -- Arner, Erik -- Schmidl, Christian -- Schaefer, Ulf -- Medvedeva, Yulia A -- Plessy, Charles -- Vitezic, Morana -- Severin, Jessica -- Semple, Colin A -- Ishizu, Yuri -- Young, Robert S -- Francescatto, Margherita -- Alam, Intikhab -- Albanese, Davide -- Altschuler, Gabriel M -- Arakawa, Takahiro -- Archer, John A C -- Arner, Peter -- Babina, Magda -- Rennie, Sarah -- Balwierz, Piotr J -- Beckhouse, Anthony G -- Pradhan-Bhatt, Swati -- Blake, Judith A -- Blumenthal, Antje -- Bodega, Beatrice -- Bonetti, Alessandro -- Briggs, James -- Brombacher, Frank -- Burroughs, A Maxwell -- Califano, Andrea -- Cannistraci, Carlo V -- Carbajo, Daniel -- Chen, Yun -- Chierici, Marco -- Ciani, Yari -- Clevers, Hans C -- Dalla, Emiliano -- Davis, Carrie A -- Detmar, Michael -- Diehl, Alexander D -- Dohi, Taeko -- Drablos, Finn -- Edge, Albert S B -- Edinger, Matthias -- Ekwall, Karl -- Endoh, Mitsuhiro -- Enomoto, Hideki -- Fagiolini, Michela -- Fairbairn, Lynsey -- Fang, Hai -- Farach-Carson, Mary C -- Faulkner, Geoffrey J -- Favorov, Alexander V -- Fisher, Malcolm E -- Frith, Martin C -- Fujita, Rie -- Fukuda, Shiro -- Furlanello, Cesare -- Furino, Masaaki -- Furusawa, Jun-ichi -- Geijtenbeek, Teunis B -- Gibson, Andrew P -- Gingeras, Thomas -- Goldowitz, Daniel -- Gough, Julian -- Guhl, Sven -- Guler, Reto -- Gustincich, Stefano -- Ha, Thomas J -- Hamaguchi, Masahide -- Hara, Mitsuko -- Harbers, Matthias -- Harshbarger, Jayson -- Hasegawa, Akira -- Hasegawa, Yuki -- Hashimoto, Takehiro -- Herlyn, Meenhard -- Hitchens, Kelly J -- Ho Sui, Shannan J -- Hofmann, Oliver M -- Hoof, Ilka -- Hori, Furni -- Huminiecki, Lukasz -- Iida, Kei -- Ikawa, Tomokatsu -- Jankovic, Boris R -- Jia, Hui -- Joshi, Anagha -- Jurman, Giuseppe -- Kaczkowski, Bogumil -- Kai, Chieko -- Kaida, Kaoru -- Kaiho, Ai -- Kajiyama, Kazuhiro -- Kanamori-Katayama, Mutsumi -- Kasianov, Artem S -- Kasukawa, Takeya -- Katayama, Shintaro -- Kato, Sachi -- Kawaguchi, Shuji -- Kawamoto, Hiroshi -- Kawamura, Yuki I -- Kawashima, Tsugumi -- Kempfle, Judith S -- Kenna, Tony J -- Kere, Juha -- Khachigian, Levon M -- Kitamura, Toshio -- Klinken, S Peter -- Knox, Alan J -- Kojima, Miki -- Kojima, Soichi -- Kondo, Naoto -- Koseki, Haruhiko -- Koyasu, Shigeo -- Krampitz, Sarah -- Kubosaki, Atsutaka -- Kwon, Andrew T -- Laros, Jeroen F J -- Lee, Weonju -- Lennartsson, Andreas -- Li, Kang -- Lilje, Berit -- Lipovich, Leonard -- Mackay-Sim, Alan -- Manabe, Ri-ichiroh -- Mar, Jessica C -- Marchand, Benoit -- Mathelier, Anthony -- Mejhert, Niklas -- Meynert, Alison -- Mizuno, Yosuke -- de Lima Morais, David A -- Morikawa, Hiromasa -- Morimoto, Mitsuru -- Moro, Kazuyo -- Motakis, Efthymios -- Motohashi, Hozumi -- Mummery, Christine L -- Murata, Mitsuyoshi -- Nagao-Sato, Sayaka -- Nakachi, Yutaka -- Nakahara, Fumio -- Nakamura, Toshiyuki -- Nakamura, Yukio -- Nakazato, Kenichi -- van Nimwegen, Erik -- Ninomiya, Noriko -- Nishiyori, Hiromi -- Noma, Shohei -- Noazaki, Tadasuke -- Ogishima, Soichi -- Ohkura, Naganari -- Ohimiya, Hiroko -- Ohno, Hiroshi -- Ohshima, Mitsuhiro -- Okada-Hatakeyama, Mariko -- Okazaki, Yasushi -- Orlando, Valerio -- Ovchinnikov, Dmitry A -- Pain, Arnab -- Passier, Robert -- Patrikakis, Margaret -- Persson, Helena -- Piazza, Silvano -- Prendergast, James G D -- Rackham, Owen J L -- Ramilowski, Jordan A -- Rashid, Mamoon -- Ravasi, Timothy -- Rizzu, Patrizia -- Roncador, Marco -- Roy, Sugata -- Rye, Morten B -- Saijyo, Eri -- Sajantila, Antti -- Saka, Akiko -- Sakaguchi, Shimon -- Sakai, Mizuho -- Sato, Hiroki -- Savvi, Suzana -- Saxena, Alka -- Schneider, Claudio -- Schultes, Erik A -- Schulze-Tanzil, Gundula G -- Schwegmann, Anita -- Sengstag, Thierry -- Sheng, Guojun -- Shimoji, Hisashi -- Shimoni, Yishai -- Shin, Jay W -- Simon, Christophe -- Sugiyama, Daisuke -- Sugiyama, Takaai -- Suzuki, Masanori -- Suzuki, Naoko -- Swoboda, Rolf K -- 't Hoen, Peter A C -- Tagami, Michihira -- Takahashi, Naoko -- Takai, Jun -- Tanaka, Hiroshi -- Tatsukawa, Hideki -- Tatum, Zuotian -- Thompson, Mark -- Toyodo, Hiroo -- Toyoda, Tetsuro -- Valen, Elvind -- van de Wetering, Marc -- van den Berg, Linda M -- Verado, Roberto -- Vijayan, Dipti -- Vorontsov, Ilya E -- Wasserman, Wyeth W -- Watanabe, Shoko -- Wells, Christine A -- Winteringham, Louise N -- Wolvetang, Ernst -- Wood, Emily J -- Yamaguchi, Yoko -- Yamamoto, Masayuki -- Yoneda, Misako -- Yonekura, Yohei -- Yoshida, Shigehiro -- Zabierowski, Susan E -- Zhang, Peter G -- Zhao, Xiaobei -- Zucchelli, Silvia -- Summers, Kim M -- Suzuki, Harukazu -- Daub, Carsten O -- Kawai, Jun -- Heutink, Peter -- Hide, Winston -- Freeman, Tom C -- Lenhard, Boris -- Bajic, Vladimir B -- Taylor, Martin S -- Makeev, Vsevolod J -- Sandelin, Albin -- Hume, David A -- Carninci, Piero -- Hayashizaki, Yoshihide -- BB/F003722/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/G022771/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- BB/I001107/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_PC_U127597124/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_UP_1102/1/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- R01 DE022969/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM084875/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2014 Mar 27;507(7493):462-70. doi: 10.1038/nature13182.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24670764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Atlases as Topic ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cluster Analysis ; Conserved Sequence/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation/genetics ; Gene Regulatory Networks/genetics ; Genes, Essential/genetics ; Genome/genetics ; Humans ; Mice ; *Molecular Sequence Annotation ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; Organ Specificity ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transcription Initiation Site ; Transcription, Genetic/genetics ; Transcriptome/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Synthesis and characterization of anisometric cobalt nanoclusters (1995)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-03-03
    Description: Sonication of aqueous Co(2+) and hydrazine resulted in the formation of anisometric (disk-shaped) cobalt nanoclusters that averaged about 100 nanometers in width and 15 nanometers in thickness. Electron diffraction from single particles revealed that they were oriented (001) crystals that conformed to a trigonal or hexagonal unit cell four times the size of the cell adopted by bulk alpha-cobalt. Lorentz microscopy indicated that these were single-magnetic domain particles, with the axis of magnetization located in the (101) plane, offset at some appreciable angle from the (001) axis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibson, C P -- Putzer, K J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1338-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17812609" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    A Special Issue on Archean Magmatism, Volcanism, and Ore Deposits: Part 2. Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits Preface, (2013)
    Society of Economic Geologists (SEG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-21
    Print ISSN: 0361-0128
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society of Economic Geologists (SEG)
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  • 8
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    A continuum from clear to cloudy hot-Jupiter exoplanets without primordial water depletion (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-18
    Description: Thousands of transiting exoplanets have been discovered, but spectral analysis of their atmospheres has so far been dominated by a small number of exoplanets and data spanning relatively narrow wavelength ranges (such as 1.1-1.7 micrometres). Recent studies show that some hot-Jupiter exoplanets have much weaker water absorption features in their near-infrared spectra than predicted. The low amplitude of water signatures could be explained by very low water abundances, which may be a sign that water was depleted in the protoplanetary disk at the planet's formation location, but it is unclear whether this level of depletion can actually occur. Alternatively, these weak signals could be the result of obscuration by clouds or hazes, as found in some optical spectra. Here we report results from a comparative study of ten hot Jupiters covering the wavelength range 0.3-5 micrometres, which allows us to resolve both the optical scattering and infrared molecular absorption spectroscopically. Our results reveal a diverse group of hot Jupiters that exhibit a continuum from clear to cloudy atmospheres. We find that the difference between the planetary radius measured at optical and infrared wavelengths is an effective metric for distinguishing different atmosphere types. The difference correlates with the spectral strength of water, so that strong water absorption lines are seen in clear-atmosphere planets and the weakest features are associated with clouds and hazes. This result strongly suggests that primordial water depletion during formation is unlikely and that clouds and hazes are the cause of weaker spectral signatures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sing, David K -- Fortney, Jonathan J -- Nikolov, Nikolay -- Wakeford, Hannah R -- Kataria, Tiffany -- Evans, Thomas M -- Aigrain, Suzanne -- Ballester, Gilda E -- Burrows, Adam S -- Deming, Drake -- Desert, Jean-Michel -- Gibson, Neale P -- Henry, Gregory W -- Huitson, Catherine M -- Knutson, Heather A -- des Etangs, Alain Lecavelier -- Pont, Frederic -- Showman, Adam P -- Vidal-Madjar, Alfred -- Williamson, Michael H -- Wilson, Paul A -- England -- Nature. 2016 Jan 7;529(7584):59-62. doi: 10.1038/nature16068. Epub 2015 Dec 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astrophysics Group, School of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK. ; Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA. ; Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK. ; Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA. ; Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA. ; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA. ; Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA. ; European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, D-85748 Garching bei Munchen, Germany. ; Center of Excellence in Information Systems, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee 37209, USA. ; Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ; CNRS, Institut dAstrophysique de Paris, UMR 7095, 98 bis boulevard Arago, 75014 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26675732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; Extraterrestrial Environment/*chemistry ; Jupiter ; *Planets ; Pressure ; Spectrophotometry, Infrared ; Telescopes ; Temperature ; Water/*analysis
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Sounding of the plasmasphere by Mid-continent Magnetoseismic Chain (McMAC) magnetometers (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-04-23
    Description: [1]  We present a statistical analysis on the plasmaspheric mass density derived from the field line resonance (FLR) observations by the Mid-continent Magnetoseismic Chain (McMAC). McMAC consists of nine stations in the United States and Mexico along the 330° magnetic longitude, spanning L -values between 1.5 and 3.4. Using the gradient method and an automated procedure for FLR detection, we studied a full year of McMAC observations between July 2006 and June 2007. We find that the rate of FLR detection can reach as high as 56% around local noon at L  = 2.7, and the detection rates at higher and lower L -values decline due to the occasional presence of the plasmapause and weaker FLR signals, respectively. At L -values between 1.8 and 3.1, the inferred equatorial plasma mass density follows the L -dependence of L −4 . By comparing the mass density with the electron density, we found that the ion mass gradually decreased from 1.7 amu at L  = 1.8 to 1 amu at L  = 3.1. The plasma mass density exhibits an annual variation that maximizes in January, and at L  = 2.4 the ratio between January and July densities is 1.6. Our observations also show a local time dependence of plasmaspheric mass density that stays steady in the morning and rises post-noon, a phenomenon that may be attributed to the equatorial ionization anomaly as a part of the plasma neutral coupling at low latitude.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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    Integration of 750 MW renewable solar power to national grid of Pakistan – An economic and technical perspective (2016)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1364-0321
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-0690
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Elsevier
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