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  • 1
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ca-reiche Pyroxene von basischen und sauren Gesteinen der Cameroon Volcanic Line (Westafrika): Kristallchemie und petrologische Beziehungen C2/c Pyroxenphänokristalle aus basischen Gesteinen (Basanit–Trachyphonolith-Suite und Alkalibasalte) und differenzierte CIPW Ne- und Q-normative Trachyte und Rhyolithe, die im kontinentalen Sektor der Cameroon Volcanic Line auftreten, wurden mittels Einkristall-Röntgendiffraktion, ergänzt durch Elektronenmikrosonden-Analyse, untersucht. Diese Technik ermöglicht genaue Angaben zur Besetzung der Gitterpositionen und der geometrischen Variationen. Der untersuchte Klinopyroxen ist die einzige kristallisierende Ca-reiche Liquidusphase, sowohl in den basischen als auch in den differenzierten Vulkaniten. Klinopyroxene aus alkalischen Gesteinen sind durch große VT, als Folge von niedrigem Si(T) und von Si-AlVI Substitution, charakterisiert, was wiederum hohe R3+(AlVI + Fe3+ + Cr3+ + Ti4+) in der M1 Position erforderlich macht. Klinopyroxene aus differenzierten sauren Vulkaniten haben ein großes VM1. Dies steht mit hohen Fe2+ (M1) Gehalten in Beziehung, da Klinopyroxen aus MgO-armen (〈 0.5 Gew.%) Schmelzen bei relativ niedrigem fO2 (QFM Buffer) auskristallisierte. Die hohen Fe2+-Gehalte in M1 verursachen eine Verlängerung der 〈M1-O〉 Abstände, was wiederum eine Verkürzung der T-O1 und T-O2 Abstände (i.e. hohes Si) erforderlich macht, ungeachtet der magmatischen Affinität des Klinopyroxens in SiO2-untersättigten oder -übersättigten Bedingungen. Daher haben Klinopyroxene aus sauren Gesteinen ähnliche (Ca + Na)- Gehalte wie jene aus basischen; aber ihr 〈M2-O3〉 ist, als Folge der 〈T-O3〉 Verkürzung, relativ länger. Daraus folgt, daß Klinopyroxene, die aus silikatischen Schmelzen auskristallisieren eine relativ große Zunahme in VM2 zeigen, die aber nicht mit einer Zunahme von (Ca + Na) in Beziehung steht. Die β-ΔM2 (Verzerrungsparameter) Beziehung zeigt, daß die basischen Magmen, die Stammagmen der Q-normativen Gesteine, leicht bis mäßig alkalische Basalte waren und nicht SiO2-untersättigte oder -übersättigte. Jene der Trachyphonolithe und Ne-Trachyte waren deutlicher SiO2-untersättigt (z.B. die basanitischen Magmen). Die Beziehungen von Vcell-VM1 bestätigen, daß die Klinopyroxenphänokristalle in der Kruste bei relativ niedrigen Drucken (ca. 1–5 kbar) kristallisierten.
    Notes: Summary C2/c pyroxene (Cpx) phenocrysts from basic rocks (basanite-trachyphonolite suite and alkali basalts) and differentiated CIPW Ne- and Q-normative trachytes and rhyolites occurring in the continental sector of the Cameroon Volcanic Line were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction combined with electron probe microanalysis. This technique provides accurate data on site occupancy and geometric variations. The investigated Cpx is the only liquidus Ca-rich crystallizing phase from both basic and differentiated volcanics. Cpx from basic alkaline rocks are characterized by large VT owing to their low Si(T), which requires high R3+ (AlVI + Fe3+ + Cr3+ + Ti4+) in M1 site, due to Si-AlIV substitution. High Ca content allows the appropriate netcharge for the overbonded O3 oxygens. Cpx from differentiated silicic volcanics have large VM1 related to high Fe2+ (M1), since Cpx crystallized from MgO-poor (〈 0.5 wt%) melts at relatively low fO2 (QFM buffer). The high Fe2+ (M1) causes lengthening of 〈M1-O〉, which requires shortening of T-O1 and T-O2 (i.e. high Si), irrespective of the magmatic affinity of the Cpx in SiO2-undersaturated or oversaturated conditions. Therefore, Cpx from silicic rocks have similar (Ca + Na) contents to those formed from basic rocks, but their 〈M2-O3〉 is relatively longer, owing to the shortening of 〈T-O3〉. It follows that Cpx crystallizing from silicic melts show a relatively large VM2 increase, which is not related to an increase in (Ca + Na). The β-ΔM2 (distortion parameter) relationship of Cpx indicates that the basic magmas parental to Q-normative rocks were slightly to moderately alkaline basalts and not SiO2-undersaturated or oversaturated, while those from trachyphonolite and Ne-trachyte were distinctly more SiO2-undersaturated (e.g. basanitic magmas). Vcell–VM1 relationships confirmed that the investigated Cpx phenocrysts crystallized in the crust at relatively low pressure (ca. 1–5 kbar).
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-01-01
    Description: The Late Cretaceous–Quaternary Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) is a 1600 km long chain of volcanoes that straddles the continent–ocean boundary and extends from the Gulf of Guinea to the interior of the African continent. The magmatic activity started at 70 Ma and has continued until the present. The products of this magmatic activity are distinctive in terms of petrology and isotope geochemistry, the variety of volcanic rocks ranging from ultrabasic, alkaline to sub-alkaline lavas to highly evolved alkaline lavas with isotopic compositions indicating complex combinations of both sub-lithospheric (HIMU, EM, DMM) and lithospheric components (sub-continental lithospheric mantle and crust). We conducted a petrological and geochemical study of a set of volcanic rocks, sampled from the rim and interior of the Miocene Mt Bambouto caldera, one of the 12 main volcanic centres of the CVL. The rocks were analysed for their whole-rock major and trace element contents, 40Ar/39Ar ages and whole-rock Sr–Nd–Pb–Os isotopic compositions. Phonolites and quartz-trachytes of the Mt Bambouto caldera are derived by fractional crystallization of highly alkaline and moderately alkaline parental basic magmas, respectively. Assimilation of the shallow crust has affected both alkaline and subalkaline magmas, suggesting that the petrogenesis of the differentiated rocks cannot be explained by crustal contamination alone. Only minor amounts (usually less than 5%) of assimilation of upper crustal silicic rocks from the local Pan-African basement are required to produce the most differentiated compositions. The rocks with the highest crustal contribution are Q-normative trachytes from peripheral cones, as well as one Ne-trachyte. Mt Bambouto basic–ultrabasic rocks, including basanites and alkali-basalts with high 187Os/188Osi, might have experienced some crustal contamination, but it must have been a limited process. Some Mt Bambouto ultrabasic to basic rocks show large ion lithophile element enrichment, notably of Sr, Ba and P compared with Zr. These samples also have relatively radiogenic Sr and unradiogenic Pb isotopic compositions. Such compositions are similar to those of the high-Sr group identified by previous studies. Most of the basic rocks do not show such characteristics and are identified as a low-Sr group. We interpret the geochemical characteristics of the high-Sr group as resulting from the partial melting of a depleted mantle (DMM-like) peridotite source containing pyroxenite veins that had interacted with carbonatitic fluids. To test this hypothesis, we used a new modelling approach based on Monte Carlo simulation; this method has the advantage of deciphering how different mantle components interacted through time. Our modelling confirms the plausibility of a three-component source. In addition, it suggests that the carbonatitic fluid first mixed with the pyroxenititic component and the resulting melt interacted with a DMM-like mantle. Both high-Sr and low-Sr groups can be produced by such a mixing scenario but with a stronger contribution of the carbonatitic fluid for the high-Sr group. At the time of melting, these source components could have been located in a metasomatized region of the sublithospheric mantle (uppermost section of the asthenosphere) or in the sub-continental lithospheric mantle.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 3
  • 4
    Publication Date: 1998-11-01
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 5
  • 6
    Publication Date: 1988-01-01
    Description: Fluxgate magnetometers with accurate timing data logger were set up at two equatorial stations (Garoua/Maroua and Huancayo), and also at a middle latitude station (Kuju). The phase of Pi2 waves is compared among these stations. It is found that 1) Pi2 pulsations in low and equatorial latitudes are linearly polarized approximately along the magnetic meridian, 2) phase difference of the H component of Pi2 waves at different stations is much less than 1/10 of the pulsation period despite a large longitudinal separation (~90°) of the stations, showing the so-called azimuthal wave number, m, to be much less than unity and 3) phase difference of the D component at different stations is variable. © 1988, Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0022-1392
    Topics: Geosciences
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