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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 62 (2000), S. 595-620 
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Epithelial tissues such as kidney, lung, and breast arise through branching morphogenesis of a pre-existing epithelial structure. They share common morphological stages and a need for regulation of a similar set of developmental decisions-where to start; when, where, and in which direction to branch; and how many times to branch-decisions requiring regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasiveness, and cell motility. It is likely that similar molecular mechanisms exist for the epithelial branching program. Here we focus on the development of the collecting system of the kidney, where, from recent data using embryonic organ culture, cell culture models of branching morphogenesis, and targeted gene deletion experiments, the outlines of a working model for branching morphogenesis begin to emerge. Key branching morphogenetic molecules in this model include growth factors, transcription factors, distal effector molecules (such as extracellular matrix proteins, integrins, proteinases and their inhibitors), and genes regulating apoptosis and cell proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 534 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 23 (1979), S. 431-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 36 (1986), S. 342-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 149 (1987), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die alternierende Copolymerisation von Methylmethacrylat mit Styrol unter Verwendung von β-Picolinum-P-chlorphenacylid als Radikalinitiator bei 55, 60 und 65°C und einer Reaktionszeit von 3 h wurde kinetisch untersucht. Die Copolymerisationsgeschwindigkeit (Rp) ist proportional der Quadratwurzel der Initiatorkonzentration und weist auf einen bimolekularen Abbruch hin. Der durchschnittliche Polymerisationsgrad nimmt mit zunehmender Initiatorkonzentration ab. Die ermittelten Werte für kp2/kt und für die Aktivierungsenergie betragen 1,43 · 10-3 l mol-1 s-1 bzw. 87 kJ mol-1. Die NMR Spektroskopie wurde zur Bestimmung der Struktur, Zusammensetzung und Stereochemie der Copolymeren verwendet.
    Notes: The alternating copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with styrene (S) using β-picolinium-p-chlorophenacylide (β-PCPY) as radical initiator at 55, 60, and 65°C for 3 h has been kinetically investigated. The copolymerization rate (Rp) is proportional to the square root of [β-PCPY] and indicates bimolecular termination. The average degree of polymerization decreases as [β-PCPY] increases. The values of kp2/kt and energy of activation have been evaluated as 1.43 · 10-3 l mol-1 s-1 and 87 kJ mol-1, respectively. The NMR spectroscopy has been used to determine the structure, composition, and stereochemistry of copolymers.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 141 (1986), S. 103-111 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die mit α-Picolinium-p-chlorphenacylid initiierte Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff bei 30, 35 und 40°C und einer Dauer von vier Stunden wurde dilatometrisch untersucht. Die Reaktionsordnungen im Hinblick auf die Konzentration von Ylid und Methylmethacrylat liegen bei 0,22 ± 0,1 bzw. 1,0. Die gesamte Aktivierungsenergie und der mittlere Wert von kp2/kt beträgt 21 kJ · mol-1 bzw. 0,37 · 10-2.Die Ergebnisse wurden als radikalische Polymerisation mit einer initiatorabhängigen Übertragung und einem bimolekularen Abbruch erklärt.
    Notes: The polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) initiated by α-picolinium-p-chlorophenacylide in CCl4 at 30, 35, and 40°C for four h was investigated dilatometrically. The orders of reaction with respect to the concentrations of ylide and MMA are 0.22 ± 0.01 and 1.0, respectively. The overall energy of activation and an average value of kp2/kt are 21.0 kJmol-1 and 0.37 ± 10-2, respectively. The results are explained in terms of radical mode of polymerization with initiator dependent transfer besides bimolecular termination.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 38 (1987), S. 244-247 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die radikalische Copolymerisation von Methylmethacrylat und Styren mit Imidazolium-p-chlorphenacylid (ICPY) als Beschleuniger und AIBN als Initiator ergibt alternierende Copolymere, wie durch NMR-Spektroskopie gezeigt wurde. Die Copolymerisationsgeschwindigkeit ist eine direkte Funktion von [ICPY], [MMA] und der Polymerisations-temperatur, während [St] eine umgekehrte Wirkung ausübt. Der Beschleunigungseffekt wird auf die Zunahme der Initiierungsgeschwindigkeit zurückgeführt. Den Polymerisationsgrad beeinflußt das Ylid nicht.
    Notes: Radical copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with styrene using imidazolium-p-chlorophenacylide (ICPY) as accelerator in the presence of AIBN resulted in alternating copolymers as evidenced by NMR spectroscopy. The rate of copolymerization is a direct function of [ICPY], [MMA] and polymerization temperature, but [St] has an inverse effect. The accelerating effect is due to increase of rate of initiation. The ylide does not effect average degree of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 39 (1988), S. 679-682 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kinetik und Mechanismus der radikalischen Polymerisation von Vinylacetat in Dimethylformamid mit syndiotaktischem Poly(methylmethacrylat) als polymerer Matrix wurden untersucht. Die gemessenen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten weisen auf maximale Komplexbildung zwischen der Matrix und Poly(vinylacetat) beim Verhältnis Matrix: Polymer von 1 : 1 hin. Die Molekülmasse des Tochterpolymers liegt sehr nahe bei der des Matrixpolymers. Die Reaktionsordnung in bezug auf Matrix, Monomer und Initiator beträgt 0,40, 1,10 bzw. 0,44.
    Notes: The kinetics and mechanism of radical polymerization of vinyl acetate in dimethyl formamide with syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) as a polymer template was investigated. The reaction rates showed that complexation between the template and poly(vinyl acetate) was maximum when the template: polymer ratio was 1 : 1. The molecular weight of the daughter polymer was very close to that of the template. The order of reaction with respect to template, monomer, and initiator was 0.40, 1.10, and 0.44, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 40 (1989), S. 66-68 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die radikalische Copolymerisation des Elektronacceptor-Monomers Acrylnitril mit dem Elektrondonor-Monomer Styren bei Initiierung mit β-Picolinium-p-chlorphenacylid wurde in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff bei 60°C untersucht. Der Copolymerisationsmechanismus und die Konfiguration der Copolymere wurden mit spektroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Die Gültigkeit der Lewis-Mayo-Gleichung für dieses System wurde überprüft.
    Notes: Radical copolymerization of the electron-acceptor monomer acrylonitrile with the electron-donor monomer styrene initiated by β-picolinium-p-chlorophenacylide in carbon tetrachloride at 60°C has been studied. The copolymerization mechanism and the configuration of the copolymers were investigated by using spectroscopic methods. The validity of the Lewis-Mayo equation for this system is checked.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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