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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution, morphology and projections of nitrergic and non-nitrergic submucosal neurons in the pig small intestine (1997)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 109 (1997), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Sequential nitric oxide synthase immunohistochemistry and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPHd) histochemistry in pig small intestinal wholemounts revealed a complete colocalisation of the two nitrergic markers in submucous neurons. The external submucous plexus (ESP) contained nitrergic neurons throughout. In the internal submucous plexus (ISP) we found a moderate number of nitrergic neurons in the duodenum, while they were rare in the jejunum and nearly absent in the ileum. Combined NADPHd histochemistry and silver impregnation showed morphological ESP type III and VI neurons to be NADPHd positive whereas ESP type II, IV and V neurons were NADPHd negative. Axons of ESP type III, IV and VI neurons were often observed to enter interconnecting strands directed abluminally. ESP type II neurons projected mainly to the ISP. In special silver-impregnated wholemounts containing both external muscle layers and the abluminal part of the submucous layer, i.e. the myenteric plexus and the ESP, the great majority of impregnated axons within the interconnecting strands were observed to run between both plexuses and did not enter the circular muscle layer. We conclude that ESP type III and VI neurons are nitrergic while ESP type II, IV and V neurons are non-nitrergic. Furthermore, we assume that ESP type III, IV and VI neurons may represent a submucosal input to the myenteric plexus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180050205
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial and temporal organization of TrkB expression in the developing musculature of the mouse esophagus (2000)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 114 (2000), S. 229-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Keywords: Striated muscle Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors Myogenesis Transdifferentiation Neurotrophic factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. TrkB expression was investigated immunocytochemically in the developing musculature of mouse esophagus using conventional and confocal laser scanning microscopy. To demonstrate spatial relationships of TrkB immunoreactive cells to striated and smooth muscle fibers we combined TrkB immunocytochemistry with fluorochrome-tagged α-bungarotoxin for labeling of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and α-smooth muscle actin for labeling of smooth muscle cells. At developmental stages E15 to P7, TrkB immunoreactive cells transiently occurred in a transformation zone where striated intermingled with smooth muscle fibers. This transformation zone started in the rostral esophagus at E15, moved caudally, and disappeared between P7 and P10 in the caudal esophagus. The first TrkB-immunoreactive cells appeared in the outer muscle layer at E15. No TrkB-positive cells exhibited acetylcholine receptor clusters or were positive for α-smooth muscle actin. A few showed slight α-bungarotoxin staining over their entire surface. Taken together, the appearance of TrkB-expressing cells in the transformation zone suggest a role in muscle transdifferentiation. Alternatively, these results, together with recent in vitro data, suggest that TrkB is expressed in a subpopulation of myoblasts in which acetylcholine receptor clustering may be inhibited through a TrkB-mediated pathway.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004180000182
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial relationships of enteric nerve fibers to vagal motor terminals and the sarcolemma in motor endplates of the rat esophagus: a confocal laser scanning and electron-microscopic study (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 287 (1996), S. 113-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Esophagus ; Nitric oxide ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Vagus ; Enteric nervous system ; Confocal imaging ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Enteric co-innervation of motor endplates in the rat esophagus was studied with confocal laser scanning and electron microscopy. Enteric fibers were demonstrated with immunocytochemistry for nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide or NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry. Vagal motor terminals were identified with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunocytochemistry. Teloglia was stained with immuno- cytochemistry for S100, and TRITC-tagged α-bungarotoxin was used to delineate endplate areas in immmunofluorescence preparations. Both confocal imaging and electron microscopy revealed intimate relationships between enteric and vagal terminals on the one hand, and enteric terminals and the sarcolemma on the other. In addition, electron microscopy could point out direct apposition of a significant proportion of enteric varicosities to vagal motor terminals without intervening teloglial processes. These morphological data are compatible with pre- and postsynaptic modulatory effects of enteric neurons on vagal neuromuscular transmission in striated esophageal muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050736
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tyrosine-hydroxylase-containing vagal afferent neurons in the rat nodose ganglion are independent from neuropeptide-Y-containing populations and project to esophagus and stomach (1993)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 271 (1993), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA ; Sensory neurons ; Nodose ganglion ; Esophagus ; Neuropeptide Y ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactivity to the rate limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase, has been described in the inferior sensory (= nodose) ganglion of the vagal nerve in the rat. The aim of the present study was to characterize further this neuronal population. The neurons do not represent displaced autonomic efferent neurons, since they do not receive synaptic input, as indicated by the absence of synaptophysin-immunoreactive terminals. In addition to the immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase, a tyrosine hydroxylase cRNA probe hybridizes with nodose ganglion neurons as demonstrated by in situ hybridization and Northern blotting. Many but not all of the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons are also immunoreactive to the dopamine synthesizing enzyme, aromatic-l-amino-acid-decarboxylase, but lack the noradrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, thus favoring synthesis of dopamine. Neuropeptide Y, which is often colocalized with catecholamines, is also present in a subset of nodose ganglion neurons, as indicated by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and Northern blotting. However, double-labeling immunofluorescence has revealed that these two antigens are localized in different cell populations. Retrograde neuronal tracing utilizing fluorescent dyes (Fast blue, Fluoro-gold) combined with tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry has demonstrated that the esophagus and stomach are peripheral targets of tyrosine-hydroxylase-containing vagal visceroafferent neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297551
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vagal innervation of the rat pylorus: an anterograde tracing study using carbocyanine dyes and laser scanning confocal microscopy (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pylorus ; Vagus nerve ; Efferents ; Afferents ; Innervation ; Anterograde tracing ; NADPH-diaphorase ; Confocal microscopy ; Rat (Wistar, ZUR: SIV)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to identify the distribution and structure of vagal fibers and terminals in the gastroduodenal junction, vagal efferents were labeled in vivo by multiple injections of the fluorescent carbocyanine dye DiA into the dorsal motor nucleus (dmnX), and vagal afferents were anterogradely labeled by injections of DiI into the nodose ganglia of the same or separate rats. Thick frontal cryostat sections were analysed either with conventional or laser scanning confocal microscopy, using appropriate filter combinations and/or different wavelength laser excitation to distinguish the fluorescent tracers. Vagal efferent terminal-like structures were present in small ganglia within the circular sphincter muscle, which, in the absence of a well-developed, true myenteric plexus at this level, represent the myenteric ganglia. Furthermore, vagal efferent terminals were also present in submucosal ganglia, but were absent from mucosa, Brunner's glands and circular muscle fibers. Vagal afferent fibers and terminal-like structures were more abundant than efferents. The most prominent afferent terminals were profusely branching, large net-like aggregates of varicose fibers running within the connective tissue matrix predominantly parallel to the circular sphincter muscle bundles. Profusely arborizing, highly varicose endings were also present in large myenteric ganglia of the antrum and duodenum, in the modified intramuscular ganglia, and in submucosal ganglia. Additionally, afferent fibers and terminals were present throughout the mucosal lining of the gastroduodenal junction. The branching patterns of some vagal afferents suggested that individual axons produced multiple collaterals in different compartments. NADPH-diaphorase positive, possibly nitroxergic neurons were present in myenteric ganglia of the immediately adjacent antrum and duodenum, and fine varicose fibers entered the sphincter muscle from both sides, delineating the potential vagal inhibitory postganglionic innervation. These morphological results support the view of a rich and differentiated extrinsic neural control of this important gut region as suggested by functional studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305379
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vagal innervation of the rat pylorus: an anterograde tracing study using carbocyanine dyes and laser scanning confocal microscopy (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pylorus – Vagus nerve – Efferents – Afferents – Innervation – Anterograde tracing – NADPH-diaphorase – Confocal microscopy – Rat (Wistar, ZUR: SIV)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In an attempt to identify the distribution and structure of vagal fibers and terminals in the gastroduodenal junction, vagal efferents were labeled in vivo by multiple injections of the fluorescent carbocyanine dye DiA into the dorsal motor nucleus (dmnX), and vagal afferents were anterogradely labeled by injections of DiI into the nodose ganglia of the same or separate rats. Thick frontal cryostat sections were analysed either with conventional or laser scanning confocal microscopy, using appropriate filter combinations and/or different wavelength laser excitation to distinguish the fluorescent tracers. Vagal efferent terminal-like structures were present in small ganglia within the circular sphincter muscle, which, in the absence of a well-developed, true myenteric plexus at this level, represent the myenteric ganglia. Furthermore, vagal efferent terminals were also present in submucosal ganglia, but were absent from mucosa, Brunner's glands and circular muscle fibers. Vagal afferent fibers and terminal-like structures were more abundant than efferents. The most prominent afferent terminals were profusely branching, large net-like aggregates of varicose fibers running within the connective tissue matrix predominantly parallel to the circular sphincter muscle bundles. Profusely arborizing, highly varicose endings were also present in large myenteric ganglia of the antrum and duodenum, in the modified intramuscular ganglia, and in submucosal ganglia. Additionally, afferent fibers and terminals were present throughout the mucosal lining of the gastroduodenal junction. The branching patterns of some vagal afferents suggested that individual axons produced multiple collaterals in different compartments. NADPH-diaphorase positive, possibly nitroxergic neurons were present in myenteric ganglia of the immediately adjacent antrum and duodenum, and fine varicose fibers entered the sphincter muscle from both sides, delineating the potential vagal inhibitory postganglionic innervation. These morphological results support the view of a rich and differentiated extrinsic neural control of this important gut region as suggested by functional studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305379
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers associated with motor endplates in the rat esophagus: new evidence for co-innervation of striated muscle by enteric neurons (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Esophagus ; Motor innervation ; NADPH-diaphorase ; Enteric nervous system ; Nucleus ambiguus ; Anterograde tracing ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was combined with demonstration of acetylcholinesterase and immunocytochemistry for calcitonin gene-related peptide to study esophageal innervation in the rat. Most of the myenteric neurons stained positively for NADPH-diaphorase, as did numerous varicose nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus, among striated muscle fibers, around arterial blood vessels, and in the muscularis mucosae. A majority of motor endplates (as demonstrated by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry or calcitonin gene-related peptide immunocytochemistry) were associated with fine varicose NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers. Analysis of brainstem nuclei, sensory vagal, spinal, and sympathetic ganglia in normal and neonatally capsaicin-treated rats, and comparison with anterogradely labeled vagal branchiomotor, preganglionic and sensory fibers led to the conclusion that NADPH-diaphorase-positive fibers on motor endplates originate in esophageal myenteric neurons. No association of NADPH-diaphorasepositive nerve fibers with motor endplates was found in other organs containing striated muscle. These results suggest extensive, presumably nitrergic, co-innervation of esophageal striated muscle fibers by enteric neurons. Thus, control of peristalsis in the esophagus of the rat may be more complex than hitherto assumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354780
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers associated with motor endplates in the rat esophagus: new evidence for co-innervation of striated muscle by enteric neurons (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Esophagus – Motor innervation – NADPH-diaphorase – Enteric nervous system – Nucleus ambiguus – Anterograde tracing – Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry was combined with demonstration of acetylcholinesterase and immunocytochemistry for calcitonin gene-related peptide to study esophageal innervation in the rat. Most of the myenteric neurons stained positively for NADPH-diaphorase, as did numerous varicose nerve fibers in the myenteric plexus, among striated muscle fibers, around arterial blood vessels, and in the muscularis mucosae. A majority of motor endplates (as demonstrated by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry or calcitonin gene-related peptide immunocytochemistry) were associated with fine varicose NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers. Analysis of brainstem nuclei, sensory vagal, spinal, and sympathetic ganglia in normal and neonatally capsaicin-treated rats, and comparison with anterogradely labeled vagal branchiomotor, preganglionic and sensory fibers led to the conclusion that NADPH-diaphorase-positive fibers on motor endplates originate in esophageal myenteric neurons. No association of NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers with motor endplates was found in other organs containing striated muscle. These results suggest extensive, presumably nitrergic, co-innervation of esophageal striated muscle fibers by enteric neurons. Thus, control of peristalsis in the esophagus of the rat may be more complex than hitherto assumed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354780
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vagal paraganglia of the rat (1989)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 12 (1989), S. 343-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Innervation ; Catecholamines ; Neuropeptides ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Paraganglia are associated with every branch of the rat vagus nerve except the pharyngeal branch. Some of the paraganglia closely resemble the glomus caroticum, whereas others appear like small, intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells of autonomic ganglia. The paraganglionic cells of SIF cell-like bodies (SLB) store catecholamines (the most abundant is probably noradrenaline) and in some cases neurotensin. The innervation pattern of SLB is variable and their physiological role remains unclear.Paraganglionic cells of glomus-like bodies (GLB) predominantly store dopamine and probably also to a lesser extent noradrenaline. These putative chemoreceptor organs receive sensory innervation from nodose ganglion neurons as revealed by degeneration experiments and by anterograde neuronal tracing. Substance P- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive fibres seen in the region of vascular entry into the GLB may account for some of these sensory fibres, but the peptide/classical transmitter stored in sensory terminals synapsing on paraganglionic cells is unknown. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry revealed vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactive fibres lying in the interstitial space between paraganglionic cells and large capillaries. These fibres may originate from VIP-immunoreactive neurons, being frequently attached to GLB. The major difference between GLB and the glomus caroticum concerns their blood supply and related innervation: Arteries and arterioles do not penetrate into GLB and, accordingly, noradrenaline- and neuropeptide Y-containing nerve fibres are lacking within GLB. This peculiar arrangement of paraganglionic parenchyma and arterial blood supply may be one of the reasons for the different physiological properties of vagal and carotid arterial chemoreceptors.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060120407
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  • 10
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    ChAT and NOS in human myenteric neurons: co-existence and co-absence (2009)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-08-27
    Print ISSN: 0302-766X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0878
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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