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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2009-07-17
    Description: Schistosoma mansoni is responsible for the neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis that affects 210 million people in 76 countries. Here we present analysis of the 363 megabase nuclear genome of the blood fluke. It encodes at least 11,809 genes, with an unusual intron size distribution, and new families of micro-exon genes that undergo frequent alternative splicing. As the first sequenced flatworm, and a representative of the Lophotrochozoa, it offers insights into early events in the evolution of the animals, including the development of a body pattern with bilateral symmetry, and the development of tissues into organs. Our analysis has been informed by the need to find new drug targets. The deficits in lipid metabolism that make schistosomes dependent on the host are revealed, and the identification of membrane receptors, ion channels and more than 300 proteases provide new insights into the biology of the life cycle and new targets. Bioinformatics approaches have identified metabolic chokepoints, and a chemogenomic screen has pinpointed schistosome proteins for which existing drugs may be active. The information generated provides an invaluable resource for the research community to develop much needed new control tools for the treatment and eradication of this important and neglected disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2756445/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2756445/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berriman, Matthew -- Haas, Brian J -- LoVerde, Philip T -- Wilson, R Alan -- Dillon, Gary P -- Cerqueira, Gustavo C -- Mashiyama, Susan T -- Al-Lazikani, Bissan -- Andrade, Luiza F -- Ashton, Peter D -- Aslett, Martin A -- Bartholomeu, Daniella C -- Blandin, Gaelle -- Caffrey, Conor R -- Coghlan, Avril -- Coulson, Richard -- Day, Tim A -- Delcher, Art -- DeMarco, Ricardo -- Djikeng, Appolinaire -- Eyre, Tina -- Gamble, John A -- Ghedin, Elodie -- Gu, Yong -- Hertz-Fowler, Christiane -- Hirai, Hirohisha -- Hirai, Yuriko -- Houston, Robin -- Ivens, Alasdair -- Johnston, David A -- Lacerda, Daniela -- Macedo, Camila D -- McVeigh, Paul -- Ning, Zemin -- Oliveira, Guilherme -- Overington, John P -- Parkhill, Julian -- Pertea, Mihaela -- Pierce, Raymond J -- Protasio, Anna V -- Quail, Michael A -- Rajandream, Marie-Adele -- Rogers, Jane -- Sajid, Mohammed -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Stanke, Mario -- Tivey, Adrian R -- White, Owen -- Williams, David L -- Wortman, Jennifer -- Wu, Wenjie -- Zamanian, Mostafa -- Zerlotini, Adhemar -- Fraser-Liggett, Claire M -- Barrell, Barclay G -- El-Sayed, Najib M -- 086151/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 5D43TW006580/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- 5D43TW007012-03/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- AI054711-01A2/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI48828/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM083873/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM083873-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM083873-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM006845/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM006845-08/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM006845-09/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI048828/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI048828-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI048828-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- WT085775/Z/08/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 16;460(7253):352-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08160.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. mb4@sanger.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19606141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Exons/genetics ; Genes, Helminth/genetics ; Genome, Helminth/*genetics ; Host-Parasite Interactions/genetics ; Introns/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Schistosoma mansoni/drug effects/embryology/*genetics/physiology ; Schistosomiasis mansoni/drug therapy/parasitology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2005-07-16
    Description: Whole-genome sequencing of the protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi revealed that the diploid genome contains a predicted 22,570 proteins encoded by genes, of which 12,570 represent allelic pairs. Over 50% of the genome consists of repeated sequences, such as retrotransposons and genes for large families of surface molecules, which include trans-sialidases, mucins, gp63s, and a large novel family (〉1300 copies) of mucin-associated surface protein (MASP) genes. Analyses of the T. cruzi, T. brucei, and Leishmania major (Tritryp) genomes imply differences from other eukaryotes in DNA repair and initiation of replication and reflect their unusual mitochondrial DNA. Although the Tritryp lack several classes of signaling molecules, their kinomes contain a large and diverse set of protein kinases and phosphatases; their size and diversity imply previously unknown interactions and regulatory processes, which may be targets for intervention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉El-Sayed, Najib M -- Myler, Peter J -- Bartholomeu, Daniella C -- Nilsson, Daniel -- Aggarwal, Gautam -- Tran, Anh-Nhi -- Ghedin, Elodie -- Worthey, Elizabeth A -- Delcher, Arthur L -- Blandin, Gaelle -- Westenberger, Scott J -- Caler, Elisabet -- Cerqueira, Gustavo C -- Branche, Carole -- Haas, Brian -- Anupama, Atashi -- Arner, Erik -- Aslund, Lena -- Attipoe, Philip -- Bontempi, Esteban -- Bringaud, Frederic -- Burton, Peter -- Cadag, Eithon -- Campbell, David A -- Carrington, Mark -- Crabtree, Jonathan -- Darban, Hamid -- da Silveira, Jose Franco -- de Jong, Pieter -- Edwards, Kimberly -- Englund, Paul T -- Fazelina, Gholam -- Feldblyum, Tamara -- Ferella, Marcela -- Frasch, Alberto Carlos -- Gull, Keith -- Horn, David -- Hou, Lihua -- Huang, Yiting -- Kindlund, Ellen -- Klingbeil, Michele -- Kluge, Sindy -- Koo, Hean -- Lacerda, Daniela -- Levin, Mariano J -- Lorenzi, Hernan -- Louie, Tin -- Machado, Carlos Renato -- McCulloch, Richard -- McKenna, Alan -- Mizuno, Yumi -- Mottram, Jeremy C -- Nelson, Siri -- Ochaya, Stephen -- Osoegawa, Kazutoyo -- Pai, Grace -- Parsons, Marilyn -- Pentony, Martin -- Pettersson, Ulf -- Pop, Mihai -- Ramirez, Jose Luis -- Rinta, Joel -- Robertson, Laura -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Sanchez, Daniel O -- Seyler, Amber -- Sharma, Reuben -- Shetty, Jyoti -- Simpson, Anjana J -- Sisk, Ellen -- Tammi, Martti T -- Tarleton, Rick -- Teixeira, Santuza -- Van Aken, Susan -- Vogt, Christy -- Ward, Pauline N -- Wickstead, Bill -- Wortman, Jennifer -- White, Owen -- Fraser, Claire M -- Stuart, Kenneth D -- Andersson, Bjorn -- AI045039/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI45038/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI45061/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI031077/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI031077-11/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI045038/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI045039/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 15;309(5733):409-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Parasite Genomics, Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. nelsayed@tigr.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16020725" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chagas Disease/drug therapy/parasitology ; DNA Repair ; DNA Replication ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; DNA, Protozoan/genetics ; Genes, Protozoan ; *Genome, Protozoan ; Humans ; Meiosis ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Multigene Family ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroelements ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Signal Transduction ; Telomere/genetics ; Trypanocidal Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Trypanosoma cruzi/chemistry/*genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2005-07-16
    Description: A comparison of gene content and genome architecture of Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania major, three related pathogens with different life cycles and disease pathology, revealed a conserved core proteome of about 6200 genes in large syntenic polycistronic gene clusters. Many species-specific genes, especially large surface antigen families, occur at nonsyntenic chromosome-internal and subtelomeric regions. Retroelements, structural RNAs, and gene family expansion are often associated with syntenic discontinuities that-along with gene divergence, acquisition and loss, and rearrangement within the syntenic regions-have shaped the genomes of each parasite. Contrary to recent reports, our analyses reveal no evidence that these species are descended from an ancestor that contained a photosynthetic endosymbiont.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉El-Sayed, Najib M -- Myler, Peter J -- Blandin, Gaelle -- Berriman, Matthew -- Crabtree, Jonathan -- Aggarwal, Gautam -- Caler, Elisabet -- Renauld, Hubert -- Worthey, Elizabeth A -- Hertz-Fowler, Christiane -- Ghedin, Elodie -- Peacock, Christopher -- Bartholomeu, Daniella C -- Haas, Brian J -- Tran, Anh-Nhi -- Wortman, Jennifer R -- Alsmark, U Cecilia M -- Angiuoli, Samuel -- Anupama, Atashi -- Badger, Jonathan -- Bringaud, Frederic -- Cadag, Eithon -- Carlton, Jane M -- Cerqueira, Gustavo C -- Creasy, Todd -- Delcher, Arthur L -- Djikeng, Appolinaire -- Embley, T Martin -- Hauser, Christopher -- Ivens, Alasdair C -- Kummerfeld, Sarah K -- Pereira-Leal, Jose B -- Nilsson, Daniel -- Peterson, Jeremy -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Shallom, Joshua -- Silva, Joana C -- Sundaram, Jaideep -- Westenberger, Scott -- White, Owen -- Melville, Sara E -- Donelson, John E -- Andersson, Bjorn -- Stuart, Kenneth D -- Hall, Neil -- AI045039/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI45038/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI45061/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI043062/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI040599/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI043062/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI045038/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI045039/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 15;309(5733):404-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. nelsayed@tigr.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16020724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genes, Protozoan ; *Genome, Protozoan ; Genomics ; Leishmania major/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Multigene Family ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Plastids/genetics ; *Proteome ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Recombination, Genetic ; Retroelements ; Species Specificity ; Symbiosis ; Synteny ; Telomere/genetics ; Trypanosoma brucei brucei/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Trypanosoma cruzi/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2005-07-16
    Description: African trypanosomes cause human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the sequence and analysis of the 11 megabase-sized chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei. The 26-megabase genome contains 9068 predicted genes, including approximately 900 pseudogenes and approximately 1700 T. brucei-specific genes. Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes used by the parasite to evade the mammalian immune system. Most VSG genes are pseudogenes, which may be used to generate expressed mosaic genes by ectopic recombination. Comparisons of the cytoskeleton and endocytic trafficking systems with those of humans and other eukaryotic organisms reveal major differences. A comparison of metabolic pathways encoded by the genomes of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major reveals the least overall metabolic capability in T. brucei and the greatest in L. major. Horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin has contributed to some of the metabolic differences in these parasites, and a number of novel potential drug targets have been identified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berriman, Matthew -- Ghedin, Elodie -- Hertz-Fowler, Christiane -- Blandin, Gaelle -- Renauld, Hubert -- Bartholomeu, Daniella C -- Lennard, Nicola J -- Caler, Elisabet -- Hamlin, Nancy E -- Haas, Brian -- Bohme, Ulrike -- Hannick, Linda -- Aslett, Martin A -- Shallom, Joshua -- Marcello, Lucio -- Hou, Lihua -- Wickstead, Bill -- Alsmark, U Cecilia M -- Arrowsmith, Claire -- Atkin, Rebecca J -- Barron, Andrew J -- Bringaud, Frederic -- Brooks, Karen -- Carrington, Mark -- Cherevach, Inna -- Chillingworth, Tracey-Jane -- Churcher, Carol -- Clark, Louise N -- Corton, Craig H -- Cronin, Ann -- Davies, Rob M -- Doggett, Jonathon -- Djikeng, Appolinaire -- Feldblyum, Tamara -- Field, Mark C -- Fraser, Audrey -- Goodhead, Ian -- Hance, Zahra -- Harper, David -- Harris, Barbara R -- Hauser, Heidi -- Hostetler, Jessica -- Ivens, Al -- Jagels, Kay -- Johnson, David -- Johnson, Justin -- Jones, Kristine -- Kerhornou, Arnaud X -- Koo, Hean -- Larke, Natasha -- Landfear, Scott -- Larkin, Christopher -- Leech, Vanessa -- Line, Alexandra -- Lord, Angela -- Macleod, Annette -- Mooney, Paul J -- Moule, Sharon -- Martin, David M A -- Morgan, Gareth W -- Mungall, Karen -- Norbertczak, Halina -- Ormond, Doug -- Pai, Grace -- Peacock, Chris S -- Peterson, Jeremy -- Quail, Michael A -- Rabbinowitsch, Ester -- Rajandream, Marie-Adele -- Reitter, Chris -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Sanders, Mandy -- Schobel, Seth -- Sharp, Sarah -- Simmonds, Mark -- Simpson, Anjana J -- Tallon, Luke -- Turner, C Michael R -- Tait, Andrew -- Tivey, Adrian R -- Van Aken, Susan -- Walker, Danielle -- Wanless, David -- Wang, Shiliang -- White, Brian -- White, Owen -- Whitehead, Sally -- Woodward, John -- Wortman, Jennifer -- Adams, Mark D -- Embley, T Martin -- Gull, Keith -- Ullu, Elisabetta -- Barry, J David -- Fairlamb, Alan H -- Opperdoes, Fred -- Barrell, Barclay G -- Donelson, John E -- Hall, Neil -- Fraser, Claire M -- Melville, Sara E -- El-Sayed, Najib M -- AI43062/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI043062/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI043062/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 15;309(5733):416-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK. mb4@sanger.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16020726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/metabolism ; Animals ; Antigenic Variation ; Antigens, Protozoan/chemistry/genetics/immunology ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Chromosomes/genetics ; Cytoskeleton/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Ergosterol/biosynthesis ; Genes, Protozoan ; *Genome, Protozoan ; Glutathione/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/biosynthesis ; Humans ; Lipid Metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Transport ; Protozoan Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Pseudogenes ; Purines/metabolism ; Pyrimidines/biosynthesis ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Spermidine/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Trypanosoma brucei brucei/chemistry/*genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Trypanosomiasis, African/parasitology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2007-09-22
    Description: Parasitic nematodes that cause elephantiasis and river blindness threaten hundreds of millions of people in the developing world. We have sequenced the approximately 90 megabase (Mb) genome of the human filarial parasite Brugia malayi and predict approximately 11,500 protein coding genes in 71 Mb of robustly assembled sequence. Comparative analysis with the free-living, model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans revealed that, despite these genes having maintained little conservation of local synteny during approximately 350 million years of evolution, they largely remain in linkage on chromosomal units. More than 100 conserved operons were identified. Analysis of the predicted proteome provides evidence for adaptations of B. malayi to niches in its human and vector hosts and insights into the molecular basis of a mutualistic relationship with its Wolbachia endosymbiont. These findings offer a foundation for rational drug design.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613796/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613796/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ghedin, Elodie -- Wang, Shiliang -- Spiro, David -- Caler, Elisabet -- Zhao, Qi -- Crabtree, Jonathan -- Allen, Jonathan E -- Delcher, Arthur L -- Guiliano, David B -- Miranda-Saavedra, Diego -- Angiuoli, Samuel V -- Creasy, Todd -- Amedeo, Paolo -- Haas, Brian -- El-Sayed, Najib M -- Wortman, Jennifer R -- Feldblyum, Tamara -- Tallon, Luke -- Schatz, Michael -- Shumway, Martin -- Koo, Hean -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Schobel, Seth -- Pertea, Mihaela -- Pop, Mihai -- White, Owen -- Barton, Geoffrey J -- Carlow, Clotilde K S -- Crawford, Michael J -- Daub, Jennifer -- Dimmic, Matthew W -- Estes, Chris F -- Foster, Jeremy M -- Ganatra, Mehul -- Gregory, William F -- Johnson, Nicholas M -- Jin, Jinming -- Komuniecki, Richard -- Korf, Ian -- Kumar, Sanjay -- Laney, Sandra -- Li, Ben-Wen -- Li, Wen -- Lindblom, Tim H -- Lustigman, Sara -- Ma, Dong -- Maina, Claude V -- Martin, David M A -- McCarter, James P -- McReynolds, Larry -- Mitreva, Makedonka -- Nutman, Thomas B -- Parkinson, John -- Peregrin-Alvarez, Jose M -- Poole, Catherine -- Ren, Qinghu -- Saunders, Lori -- Sluder, Ann E -- Smith, Katherine -- Stanke, Mario -- Unnasch, Thomas R -- Ware, Jenna -- Wei, Aguan D -- Weil, Gary -- Williams, Deryck J -- Zhang, Yinhua -- Williams, Steven A -- Fraser-Liggett, Claire -- Slatko, Barton -- Blaxter, Mark L -- Scott, Alan L -- R01 AI048562/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI048562-09/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM006845/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM006845-08/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM007938/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R01 LM007938-04/LM/NLM NIH HHS/ -- R15 ES013128/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R15 ES013128-01/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI048828/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01-AI50903/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Sep 21;317(5845):1756-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. GhedinE@dom.pitt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17885136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brugia malayi/*genetics/physiology ; Caenorhabditis/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Drug Resistance/genetics ; Filariasis/parasitology ; *Genome, Helminth ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2017-10-14
    Description: Samples of polyglycolic acid PGA/polycaprolactone PCL copolymer absorbable suture materials, which is called Poliglecaprone PGC copolymer suture, were thermally treated by two different processes. The first method is the direct heat exposure, from 20 to 38 °C, in the surrounding medium. Which is an environmental study. The other method is the annealing process at temperatures ranged from 65, 80, 100, 120, and 140 °C, for two different duration periods 60 and 120 min. This is an extensive technical study. The refractive indices of thermally treated PGA/PCL copolymer sutures were measured using multiple-beam Fizeau fringes. The birefringence profiles across the suture cross-sections were studied for different annealing conditions. The effect of heat on the polarizabilty per unit volume, dielectric properties, and suture diameter were investigated. The activation energy for the heating processes was calculated using Arrhenius equation. Microinterferograms are given for illustration. Two methods of heat treatment were used. The thermally treated PGA/PCL copolymer sutures were measured using multiple-beam interference microscopy. The results throw light on the structural variations across the suture cross section, which is important in medical applications.
    Print ISSN: 1059-910X
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0029
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Wiley
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-08-18
    Description: Protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are the etiological agents of leishmaniasis, a group of diseases with a worldwide incidence of 0.9–1.6 million cases per year. We used RNA-seq to conduct a high-resolution transcriptomic analysis of the global changes in gene expression and RNA processing events that occur as L. major transforms from non-infective procyclic promastigotes to infective metacyclic promastigotes. Careful statistical analysis across multiple biological replicates and the removal of batch effects provided a high quality framework for comprehensively analyzing differential gene expression and transcriptome remodeling in this pathogen as it acquires its infectivity. We also identified precise 5' and 3' UTR boundaries for a majority of Leishmania genes and detected widespread alternative trans -splicing and polyadenylation. An investigation of possible correlations between stage-specific preferential trans- splicing or polyadenylation sites and differentially expressed genes revealed a lack of systematic association, establishing that differences in expression levels cannot be attributed to stage-regulated alternative RNA processing. Our findings build on and improve existing expression datasets and provide a substantially more detailed view of L. major biology that will inform the field and potentially provide a stronger basis for drug discovery and vaccine development efforts.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1999-03-16
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2019-09-20
    Electronic ISSN: 2053-1591
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2017-10-13
    Print ISSN: 1059-910X
    Electronic ISSN: 1097-0029
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Wiley
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